Calorimeter Process

Calorimeter Process1. IntroductionThe fib as a study for motor horn ope charge per unitd under neighboringt inequality from 0.1 to 10 bars. beneath this specification the report discuss the neighboring point.The doer modify on the automobile horn efficiencyApplication in cancel throttle valve effect of sch prig efficiency on the quality of throw a fiting at the stake and how the quality of combustion could be enhanced1.1. DefinitionThe bird of night defined as maneuver setting in the melt down path to achieve change in press, temperature and the velocity also it bum defined as an mechanical construction designed to achieve controlling process on the direction or characteristic of the render lessen as it exits or entry it can take the shape of an closed chamber or pipe via an orifice .Reference http//www.Engineeringtoolbox.com1- PressureWe con notice that when the unstables persist by dint of the nozzle as the thrust change magnitude the discharge rate als o increased and all other factor re importants constant. The social intercourseship mingled with the stuff and discharge from a nozzle exit isA fundamental equation. The conjectural discharge from any nozzleGiven by the following relation. work rate = CA (2gh) 5C Means the dimension slight coefficient for the particular nozzle in question.A Means the subject area of the nozzle orifice.h- Means the pressure head applied to the nozzle.G Means the accele symmetryn of gravity.As the pressure acts in the nozzle exit it directly affect to the stream of give the axe .let us compare in the below figure between the gas stream with different pressure.1- Differential pressure flow metersIn case of the differential pressure drop this device utilize to calculate the flow by measuring the pressure drop over an obstruction inserted in the flow. The main idea of the differential pressure flow meter is establish on the Bernoulli equation. These achieved by measuring pressure drop signal as function of square flow speed.p1 + 1/2 ? v12 = p2 + 1/2 ? v22The most common types of differential pressure flow meters area- initiative plateWith the using of the orifice plate, the peregrine flow is measured through the distinction in pressure from the upstream side to the downstream side. As showing in figure 1 this process manipulationd in case when dont needs for high accuracy.b- Venturi tubeIts best used in our case because this apparatus used in case of low pressure drop between the inlet and the outlet of nozzle. In the venturi tube employment the flow rate is measured by reducing the cross dent flow area in the path of the fluid flow aft(prenominal) the constricted area, the fluid passes through the pressure convalescence section. When up to 80 % of the differential pressure generated at the constricted area, is recovered with meet official document and flow calibrating. The venture tube flow can be less to about ten fortune of its full scale range with proper a ccuracy.c- Flow nozzleThe flow nozzle are often used as measuring elements for gas flow application When the gas speed through the nozzle, the velocity increase and the pressure so the gas parsimoniousness decreased and the maximum velocity d one and only(a) in the throat section. retrieval of pressure drop in orifices , nozzles and venture metersAfter the pressure difference has been generated in the differential flow meter. The fluid passing during the pressure recovery section. By means where the differential pressure generated at the constricted area is partly recovered2- Variable area flow meterThe rotameter still of an vertically glass tube with large end in the squeeze section of the main dust of the rotameter and metering float which it free move . when the fluid flow causes the float raise in the tube and apply the relation of P = h * g * PWhere P =pressure difference between inlet and outletH = float recordingP = fluid density3- Velocity flowmetersIn this process the flow measured by measuring the speed and calculate the pressure difference from the next relationp1 p2 = 1/2 p (v22- p v12 )4- Pitot tubesThe pitot tube are one the most used in air flow measuring. The main idea for its ope proportionalityn is in measure the fluid velocity by converting the kinetic energy to potential energy.5- Calorimetric flowmeterThis device principle for fluid flow measurement is based on two temperature sensors in close contact with the fluid but thermal insulated from from each one other . one of the two sensors is contactly raise up so there are temperature difference between the measurement of the two sensors .5-turbine flowmeter6-vortex flowmeter7-electromagnetic flowmeter8-ultrasonic Doppler flowmeter9-positive displacement flowmeter10-mass flowmeters11-thermal flowmeter12-open channel flowmeterCalorimetric ope dimensionn hypothesisThe main idea for the carrying out theory of the calorimetric flowmeter based on measurements for the temperature befo re and after the nozzle by using two sensor and converting this difference to signal translated by the usage of the gauge indicators . When the fluid flow start passing into the nozzle the heat energy is drawn from the heated sensor and the temperature difference is directly proportional to the fluid flow rate through the nozzleAdvantages and disadvantages of calorimetric flowmeterAdvantagesDisadvantages1-high accuracy at minimum flow rate1-costs2- In general lower thermal conductivity contract higher velocity for proper measurement.2-appear cavitations in high speed3-easy in its operation process3-normally operates at low range4-High repeatability4-low noisy factor5- high dynamic response6-high sensitivity7-small dimension ( portable ) testing ground applicationCalorimetric provides two types of data. The first type is measurement of the heat capacities. This leads to values of the standard entropy St , the enthalpy ( or heat glut ) HT- HS . And the enthalpies and the entropies o f rapid signifier changes (fusion, vaporization, polymorphism) of a single material. the second type of measurement of heats of chemical answer ( formation from the elements or the oxides , relatively stability of competing phase assemblages , mixing in unassailable and liquids solutions ) either by direct reaction or through a thermchemical cycle such as is involved. randomness application for the nozzle in the calorimeter is to spray the natural gas to burn it inside the combustion chamber. The next figure show example for burner nozzle.1- arouse properties and the make of spraysOur provide used in the calorimeter is the natural gas which takes the name of isooctane (C2H6) and it has the next microstructureTemperatureThe temperature difference between the inlet and the outlet of the nozzle also affecting on the nozzle operation this achieved by when the temperature increased this directly effecting on the give notice properties specially in its viscosity so in the oil colo r applications for the high viscosity some clocks used heating process for the fuel before path through the nozzle . resurrect TensionThe Surface tension in natural is the tendency of the rebel of the liquid to undertake with the smallest possible area. The effect is normally similar to the skin surrounding the body of the liquid and pulling it into the shape, which go forth have the least amount of the surface area. That shape is spherical shape. Surface tensionNatural of flowThe natural of fluid flow through the nozzle effect on its performance .for example in case of laminar flow the performance of the nozzle will be better than in case of turbulent flow.In case of found a head it also affect in the nozzle performance.Cleaning NozzlesIn case of using fluids containing sluts and other dusts it punishing in the main body of the nozzle which affect on the nozzle path that reduce the flow rate through the nozzle which affect on its performance . Spray PatternsThe Nozzles used for oil burners are provided in two different general types of spray patterns, hollow cone and solid cone. These are illustrated in the below Figure. It will be noted in these illustrations that the hollow cone is a spray in which the concentration of droplets is at the outer edge of the spray with little or no fuel in the center of the spray versus the other type of sprays which leads to an weakness in the performance of the nozzle.Performance improvementThe efficiency of the nozzle depending on several(prenominal) factors it concentrated onType of sprayer and nozzle of designThe circumstances of air to fuel ratioSpark method from heaters to use the set out ignition technology.Percentage of carbon on the fuelSo in the next section we discuss these factors which it can affect on the nozzle performance1- Flammability ( burning start)The classical method for lighting the calorimeter is matching it is not efficient so that we improve the nozzle performance from this side by using the sp ark ignition technology.This spark ignition working depending on providing it with fixed voltage from battery to be able belong the initial spark to start the burning process* The spark ignition which get the initial spark to the instrument get its power connected by wire (3mm ) which connected also to battery with 12 v .2- Fuel to air ratioIn the theory of the stoichiometric mixture has secure enough air to completely burn burn the available fuel. In natural this is never quite achieved, due primarily to the very get around time available in the inwrought combustion chamber for each combustion cycle. Most of this combustion process completes in approximately 4-5 milliseconds. This is the time that elapses from when the spark is fired until the burning process completed.The Air fuel ratio is the most common reference term used for mixtures in internal combustion enginesIt is the ratio between the mass of air and the mass of fuel in the fuel-air mix at any given momentFor polish ed natural gas the stoichiometric mixture is approximately 14.71 or ? of 1.00 exactly3-to make a window from the top to see the fire from inside instead of opening the system each time. We must use material Cleary to see out from it and work under pressure 10 barrm C_2H_6 + tfrac72rm O_2 rightarrow 2rm CO_2 + 3rm H_2OEquivalent ratioThe equivalence ratio of a system is defined as the ratio of the fuel-to-oxidizer ratio to the stoichiometric fuel-to-oxidizer ratio. Mathematicallyphi = fracmboxfuel-to-oxidizer ratio(mboxfuel-to-oxidizer ratio)_st = fracm_fuel/m_ox(m_fuel/m_ox)_st = fracn_fuel/n_ox(n_fuel/n_ox)_st4-carbon percentage in the fuelNatural gas is an extremely important blood line of energy for reducing pollution and maintaining a clean and healthy environment. In addition to being a domestically abundant and secure parentage of energy, the use of natural gas also offers a number of environmental benefits over other sources of energy, particularly other fossil fuels. This section will discuss the environmental effects of natural gas, in terms of emissions as well as the environmental impact of the natural gas fabrication itself. Scroll down, or click on the links below to be transported ahead.ConclusionThe report is an investigation to describe the calorimeter process and the system operation with the nozzle performance and the method to improve its performance. So the main objectives from the report areTo understand the basic principle of calorimeter and its necessity in engineering scienceto investigate different types of calorimeters. The advantages and disadvantagesusing these calorimeters in the engineering lab environment.References1- http//www.pro-techsolutionsltd.com/PDF/flownozzle.pdf2- www.EngineeringToolBox.com3- www.flowmeterdirectory.co.uk/flowmeter_calorimetric.html4- www.webersensorsinc.com/glossary.html5- S. Sosin, C. Moldovan, R. Iosub conception and manufacturing of a calorimetric micro-sensor for methane detection, CAS Internati onal Semiconductor Conference Proceedings, Vol. 2, 2004, pp. 381 384.6- www.bioline.org.br/pdf?se080217-R. Mohan Kumar, R. Muraliddharan, D. Rajan Babu, K. V. Rajendiran, R. Jayavel, D. Jayaraman, and P.Ramasamy, J. Cryst. ontogenesis 229, 568 (2001).8-K. Meera, R. Muralidharan, R. Jeyavel, and P. Ramasamy, J. Cryst. Growth 263, 510 (2004).