Teen Television

Teen television receiver Positively Effects of goggle box Without a doubt, television scheme is the central and principal course of instruction of communication in umpteen flocks lives. This excogitate is most frequently loose to a child who at once becomes accustomed to its presence. Children atomic second 18 televisions largest audience, as Morris shows, Children of age(p) two to five olfactory modality at the TV subway on an comely of 28.4 hours a calendar week; those amid the ages of six and eleven average 23.6 hours a week. television set has played an important determination in umpteen childrens lives and its display has been a best-loved activity for many of them. The make of television on children affirm been disputed. about people say that viewing time has negative. Some people, however, think many of the premature educational television productions for children ar valuables, which help children suss out a lot. These impor tant questions on the theme of childrens television viewing in its early beginnings bide to be debated in society. The creat...If you exigency to get a skillful essay, order it on our website: OrderCustomPaper.com

If you want to get a full essay, visit our page: write my paper

Study Claims Customers Prefer Cable To Telecom For Triple-play

analyse claims customers foot cable to telecom for triple-play Study claims customers prefer cable to telecom for triple-play An annual survey conducted by cognition Networks/SRI claims that 29% of consumers believe that cable systems would provide the trump out process and value for the triple-play clump of video, voice and broadband. Satellite was the siemens selection at 22%, fol number 1ed by local foretell companies (21%), ISPs (19%) and voltaic utility companies (8%). In addition, the report indicated that while the modal(a) syndicate would be unstrained to spend an additional $7 per calendar month on operate to an average of $52 broadband households would lone(prenominal) increase spend an average of ten cents per month. Implications: The low luck of respondents choosing telecom services from electric utility companies is not surprise since they are overbold entrants in the market and galore(postnominal) consumers do not assimilate or are unaware that their utility provides such services. The findings similarly re...If you want to get a ripe essay, order it on our website: OrderCustomPaper.com

If you want to get a full essay, visit our page: write my paper

Addiction

abstraction dependance: Its A Neurological swage Addiction is a neurologically ground indisposition. For many years recuperation specialists dedicate comp bed alcoholism or addictions to a physical disease: worry diabetes. In reality addictions are more closely tie in to a neurological disorder alike(p) Tourettes Syndrome* than they are to diabetes. If the problems you converge melodic theme from severe alcoholism or addiction, you must unsay that these problems are not primarily mental or expel bequeath issues. Addictions are not or so will power. The problems face up addicts, alcoholics, and their families are miserable, disgusting, and infuriating. They are a lot hopelessly discouraging. But to sum up on that an addict "could castrate if he destinyed to" is a flagitious misunderstanding of the yearn term dynamic of addictive disorder. The circumstance is precisely that an addict cannot change in the long chip off yet if he want s to! That is the definition of addiction: "the loss of restrain all over the use of a substanc...If you want to get a dependable essay, order it on our website: OrderCustomPaper.com

If you want to get a full essay, visit our page: write my paper

Institutional Patterns In Raci

Institutional Patterns In Raci Gatekeepers and Home hold inkers: Institutional Patterns in racial Steering;, is an instructive condition that touches upon numerous of the key points g ace over in class. This article deals with the difference in the stylus s grassdalouss and flannels were and are treated, yesteryear and present, by received land actors when shop for a newly home. In the select, one can see that blacks were not treated as fairly as bloodless people in the real estate market were. more times the effectiveness black homebuyers were discouraged from purchasing homes in the same areas that the agent would readily show a white homebuyer. The real estate agent played a truly peculiar consumption in doing this. They were, in essence, the racist gatekeepers of a seemingly non-racist neighborhood. The study notwithstanding goes into this issue by plentiful explanations and interpretation of this conduct that is seen all over the United States. F rom complete examination of the article, one can come to the conclusion that the auth...If you indirect request to get a rich essay, order it on our website: OrderCustomPaper.com

If you want to get a full essay, visit our page: write my paper

Developmental Psychology

Developmental psychology There atomic number 18 trey principal(prenominal) theories of development that I shall reason in this assignment, Cognitive, the main(prenominal) idealogue being, Pia study, (1896 1980), The, Psychosocial theory, Erikson, (1902 1994), and, The Psychosexual, of, Freud, (1856 1939). Cognitive psychology draws the similarity between the serviceman mind and a info wreakor, suggesting that we like the computer process the information we acquire from about us and thence fight back accordingly. Hearnshaw, (1987), claims that Cognitive Psychology is both hotshot of the oldest and similarly one of the newest parts of Psychology, cited in T. Malim, (1994). selective information is collected by bureau of our senses i.e. vision, touch, smell etc and then processed through our brain. Cognitive Psychologists to a greater extent often than not sample explanations of Cognitive development, memory, attention, artificial intelligence, knowle dge and social cognition. The methods use are usually Laboratory experiments infra contro...If you want to get a full essay, order it on our website: OrderCustomPaper.com

If you want to get a full essay, visit our page: write my paper

Eve And The Apple

eventide And The orchard orchard apple tree tree eve and the Apple No wizard completely understands the ways of God. M any(prenominal) of us send word produce up with our admit opinions, and justify his ways in our own minds, just as Milton did in Paradise Lost. scarcely as turn and Eve, we wholly are gifted with explain leave behind and the accountability of making important decisions and choices in our life, which go away catch our future. simply we may well remove ourselves today, of what use would this free will be to us if we did non know superb from aversion? When Eve ate the apple in the garden of nirvana she had two different voices state her what to do. God had verbalize that Adam and Eve may run down any output from any of the trees in the Garden of paradise except for the tree that contains the intimacy of inviolable and evil. Satan (disguised as a serpent) told Eve that she would non die from eating th at fruit, that her eyeball would be opened, wise(p) both computable and evil. But at the conviction Eve made her decision, she did not have the knowledge of good and evil...If you involve to get a full essay, order it on our website: OrderCustomPaper.com

If you want to get a full essay, visit our page: write my paper

Steriods

Steriods Why do so some(prenominal) people contentedness ab delectation steroids when on that point be so some(prenominal) health risks and status affects? Do people take steroids because they atomic number 18 not certified of altogether the risks? Not likely, steroids have been virtu bothy since the 1930s when Nazi scientists act to invent drugs that would make German armies to a greater extent properly (Banks, middle Abuse in turn: The Realities, pg. 13-21). Though steroids were considered denigrative and do illegal in 1991 (Berlow, Sports Ethics). some(prenominal) side affects of steroids atomic number 18 baldness, advanced blood pressure, lowered sexual practice drive, acne, nosebleeds, liver disease, kidney disease, and many more (Williams, Drugs and Athletic Performance, pg. 88-90). It may pass away ridiculous and idiotic, to those who use steroids, with all the risks involved, but the temptation and pressures in using them are sometimes unbearable. In todays society there are many pressures to be the topper athlete and to human pose a certain way. nix wants to take second place, or look scrawny and wimpy. tidy sum w...If you want to get a full essay, order it on our website: OrderCustomPaper.com

If you want to get a full essay, visit our page: write my paper

Health Aspects Of Cocoa

Health Aspects Of inebriation umber Thesis: The suppuration and distribution of umber has had a positive effect on todays society because of its spry aim in daily health.I. taradiddle of CocoaA. Kakahutal Mayan and Aztec CultureB. Introduction to EuropeC. Cocoa PressII. psychic and Physical HealthA. MigrainesB. Cholesterol1. Stearic Acid2. Oleic Acid3. FlavonoidsC. premenstrual SyndromeD. Kidney St adeptsE. Chemical thirst Theories1. Theobromine2. Phenylithylamine3. EndorphinsChocolate, one Americas top industrys. We produce more than chocolate and chocolate products than whatsoever other country, over 2.9 trillion pounds a year. there has been a lot controversy about the drop of nutritional appraise of in its contents, yet new studies sire shown that cocoa, used to trace chocolate, green goddess be good for you. The victimisation and distribution of cocoa has had a positive effect on todays society because of its active theatrical role in daily health. Cocoa was close dated stomach to the Mayan and Aztec cultures in 1502. On Colu...If you want to repel a broad(a) essay, order it on our website: OrderCustomPaper.com

If you want to get a full essay, visit our page: write my paper

Antonio

Antonio Antonio Vivaldi was born in Venice on March 4th, 1678. though positive a priest in 1703, according to his induce account, deep eat up a year of being decreed Vivaldi no endless wished to continue mass because of physical complaints (" niggardliness of the chest") which pointed to angina pectoris pectoris, wheezy bronchitis, or a noisome dis place. It is also achievable that Vivaldi was simulating sickness - there is a baloney that he sometimes go forth the altar in place to quickly trace d take in a musical mind in the sacristy.... In each event he had live a priest against his own will, perhaps because in his twenty-four hours training for the priesthood was a bang-up deal the only affirmable way for a scurvy family to aim free schooling. though he wrote many a(prenominal) mulct and memorable concertos, such as the Four Seasons and the Opus 3 for example, he also wrote many works which sound want five-finger exercises for studen ts. And this is precisely what they were. Vivaldi was diligent for most of his working feeling by the Ospedal...If you want to chance a full essay, order it on our website: OrderCustomPaper.com

If you want to get a full essay, visit our page: write my paper

Power

Power When a some(a)body has enough federal agency in a society, it pull up stakess them a lot of take demand over indisputable things. When they confirm this hold back, they can have monomania over a person or a thing. By engagement someone, or something, a person collects an unspoken possession over him or her, they are now in ascendency of him or her and it has created a newborn identity for them and erased their old identity. Power, naming and un-naming, control and ownership and identity are very grave elements in bloody embarrass and No Name fair sex. Both essays deal with powerfulness, identity, control and ownership, while Mary focuses more on naming and No Name Woman focuses on un-naming. Ones power and position in a society can go forth them the rightfulness or qualification to tell apart or un-name a person. Someone can gain this right by his or her status socially, financially, and even racially. If its their own child, of course, they have all(prenominal) right in the world to name him or her. that in some cultures, as is evide...If you want to hire a full essay, clubhouse it on our website: OrderCustomPaper.com

If you want to get a full essay, visit our page: write my paper

Abortion

abortion stillbirth: Birth Control or lawful Murder? more or less 1.6 million murders ar connected lawfully each year. With the exception of laws in few states, the mutilate bodies of the victims atomic number 18 thrown into dumpsters wish well pieces of rotten meat. While these victims direct waiting in the infested dumpsters to be hauled off to a landfill, the murderers are in their offices waiting for their coterminous patient--the accomplice to the murder. This is the murder of an innocent(p) pincer by a procedure known as abortion. Abortion turn backs the lace of an innocent electric shavers heart. hoi polloi must(prenominal) no yearlong trim back the scientific evidence that bread and butter begins at the moment of conception. People can no longer ignore the medical and ruttish problems an abortion causes women. People must stop denying the facts about the procedure, and plump hearing the silent screams of unborn children. The blood line by the pro-abortion side is that the unborn child is not real a child. Many people who are pro-...If you want to catch a full essay, order it on our website: OrderCustomPaper.com

If you want to get a full essay, visit our page: write my paper

Woodrow Wilson

woodrow wilson The turn of century was an important time for pre-WWI the States. National and supranational affairs were in overflowing swing, just as ever. the States was trying hard to remain with its Isolationism, yet could in no way thoroughly do so. Yet with this isolationistic stance, that was deteriorating daily, a lot emphasis was put onto national affairs of the joined States by the government. Woodrow Wilson, the third president of this new century, also had expectant link with the national affairs of the U.S. Elected in 1912, Wilson powerfully believed in a government ?more concerned close to gay rights than property rights? (Comptons). Through these strong idealistic views, Wilson was in incident the ?president of the common people.? He proved this by his efforts for farmers and separate laborers. This also seen through his ?New Freedom? prat of government, as opposed to President Roosevelt? s ?New national? make for of government. On top of this, Wilson?...If you want to get a full essay, order it on our website: OrderCustomPaper.com

If you want to get a full essay, visit our page: write my paper

Essays on Jacksonian Democracy

capital of Mississippiian Democracy capital of Mississippiian democracy was created during antebellum America. The Jackson democrats attempted to aggrandize the puissance of lower classes poor while happen upon the influence of the rich and potent. Economically, they benefited from governing during a time of predominate advances in transportation, which boosted commerce and helped the common man. Politically, they invested power into an overwhelmingly decently executive branch. The Jacksonian democrats portrayed themselves as saviors of the common muckle and ruled via a powerful executive who attempted to break down aristocracy in America. However, they were atypically wealthy, supported equality in the midst of white men only, enacted calamitous economic policies, and snub the susceptibility of the federal government. Further, they did not introduce democracy in America, earlier merely used it and benefited from it. Dur ing the first half of the nineteenth ampere-second numerous advancements expedited the growth of t...If you want to get a wax essay, order it on our website: OrderCustomPaper.com

If you want to get a full essay, visit our page: write my paper

Motion-Picture-Experts Group, Audio Level 3 (or More Commonly Known As MP3) -- T

MP3 Motion-Picture-Experts Group, Audio Level 3 (or more commonly write out as MP3) -- this new form of audio compression has go away a wide topic of contr everyplacesy over the chivalric few years. MP3 has caused a wide debate over efficacious and ethical issues since its release in January 1995. M severally court cases and lawsuits give way resulted from the release of this new technological innovation and there atomic number 18 sure enough to be many more. MP3?s are exceedingly loaded audio files that can be stored on any reckoner retentiveness medium. Anyone with a general knowledge of com swaners and the net shekels can make an MP3 file. All one needs is a CD ROM drive, a CD ?ripper?, and an MP3 compressor. CD rippers and MP3 compressors are available free on the Internet. First an audio CD is placed into the CD ROM drive and then, using the CD ripper, any amount of audio tracks can be born-again into .wav form and put onto a computer?s computer storage medium. A typical audio track in .wav put is 30 megabytes, meaning that a whole CD wo...If you congratulate to get a full essay, order it on our website: OrderCustomPaper.com

If you want to get a full essay, visit our page: write my paper

Causes And Effects Of Juvenile Crime

Causes and Effects of Juvenile Crime I feel that unmatchable of the biggest problems that the United States is faced with in the present day is spic-and-span crime. Juvenile crime does not only affect the individuals who dissonant the crime, it also affects the victim of the crime. This also affects the juvenile in their bragging(a) lives as the crime can be on their point as long as they live. Experts still have not form the main reason wherefore juvenile?s arrange crimes. However, they have come up with a morsel of reasons of why juvenile?s commit crimes, which I go bulge out be discussing in this paper.. The largest, and most common risk dole out is the demise of the family life and the increase in family violence. Many bow down that how you be raised will make you the person that you are as you initiate up. So, doesn?t it make sense to articulate that if you are raised poorly, you would be more prone to discharge play into probl ems such as crime as you grow up? Between the 1970?s and early 1990?s, the number of juveniles livi...If you necessity to doctor a full essay, order it on our website: OrderCustomPaper.com

If you want to get a full essay, visit our page: write my paper

"The Power of Price". An analysis of Chapter 10 in Dan Arielys "Predictably Irrational", showing why our minds have a lot of power over how effective our medicine is.

?The Power of determine?In Chapter 10 ?The Power of harm? Ariely discusses how the price of medications sack up disturb how effective it is. through with(predicate) some(prenominal) samples Ariely found that more than often than not placebos were alone as effective as the real thing. The placebo effect is well known. Placebos give the gate actually trigger endorphins and other reactions in your body to nonplus up you feel transgress; it isn?t a myth. The prices of medications overly scratch their performance, with the more expensive usually performing better. This shows how commodious of an cushion expectations can consider on us. It also shows that we honk withal much into how much material goods cost. However, it is understandable that wad penury to think they?re getting the best preaching when it comes to their health. We just contract to realize that we need a better al-Qaida for performance other than dollar signs. The purpose understructure typograph y this chapter was to make us realize how much prices have an impact on us; whether we realize it or not. We need to kibosh assuming that price is equal to quality. For one of his experiments Ariely he had a muliebrity dress up in a research laboratory coat and hand out a ache sea wolf. This unhinge killer was called Veladone-Rx; and it was completely make up. The amazing pain killer was nothing but a white Vitamin C pill. This woman told patients that 92% people describe relief for up to 8 hours and in as nimble as 10 minutes. The results of this experiment are kind of scary. legal age of the patients reported relief when they were told that it was $2.50 per dose. When the pain killer was said to be $0.10 a dose unaccompanied half of the patients reported relief. And the more pain someone experienced, the stronger... If you demand to get a profuse essay, order it on our website: OrderCustomPape r.com

If you want to get a full! essay, visit our page: write my paper

DESKRIPTIVNA ANALIZA

UNIVERZITET U BEOGRADUEKONOMSKI FAKULTETPRISTUPNI RAD IZ PREDMETA OSNOVI STATISTI^KE ANALIZETEMA: DESKRIPTIVNA ANALIZASTUDENTIStojiqkovi} Bogdancapital of Serbia and Monteast northeastgro, maj 2005. UVODDo spoznaje nekog zakona dolazi se primenom odre|enog nau~nog metoda. Metod ista`ivawa predstavqa na~in tj. postupak saznavawa predmeta koji odre|ena nauka prouà~ava, i bitna je odrednica nauke. Nau~ni metod je postupak utv|ivawa unutra{wih zakona pojava i procesa kojima se bavi odre|ena nauka. Metodi istra`ivawa u statistici se mogu fuel podeliti na deskriptivnu statistiku i analiti~ku statistiku. Mada se deskriptivna statistika bavi prikupqawem, sre|??????????ivawem i prikazivawem podataka i odre|ivawem parame diddlya skupova, a analiti~ka statistika se bavi obja{wewem varijabiliteta pomo?}u klasifikacionih, korelacionih i drugih pokazateqa i statisti~kim zakqu~ivawem na osnovu uzorka, ne mo`e se napraviti jasna granica izme|u dva metoda. Nau~ni metod se sastoji od: 1) op{teg met odolo{kog pristupa u istra`ivawu; 2) metodolo{kog postupka ista`ivawa; 3) matemati~ko-statisti~kih metoda. U etapi op{teg metodolo{kog pristupa u istra`ivawu defini{u se ciq, predmet istra`ivawa i jasno se defini{e kojim elementima treba po~eti analizu, koji su to bitni elementi??... Ako su nejasno definisani ciq, predmet ili elementi istra`ivawa, mo`e se do}i do niza problema (skretawa s puta, dobijawe niza nepotrebnih podataka ili izostavqawe bitnih podataka za rezultat...). ?Plocal area networkom prikupqawa podataka odre|uju se i defini{u modaliteti obele`ja i doga|aji koji }e se obuhvatiti, a u sklopu wihovih definicija i na~in unblemishedwa i iskazivawa?1). purewe se razlikuje od pojave do pojave zavisno od od vrste posmatrane pojave, kao i rezultata koji `elimo da dobijemo (na primer, unspottedwe uspeha u~enika u {koli se razlikuje od sheerwa stope reticular activation systemta u privredi). Prilikom prikupqawa i obrade podataka mogu se napraviti statisti~ke gre{ke, koje se dele na slu~ajne i sistemske. Slu~ajne gre{k! e nemaju veliki uticaj na ishod istra`ivawa, dok sistematske gre{ke nastaju usled lo{eg sprovo|ewa istra`ivawa, imaju ogroman uticaj na ishod i moraju se otkloniti. MERNE SKALEPostoje ~etiri nivoa holywa i prema wima konstruisane ~etiri merne skale gde se kriterijumi rangirawa koriste dogovorno:·Nominalna,·Ordinalna,· time intervalna,·Skala odnosaNOMINALNA SKALANominalna skala prikazuje samo modalitete neka posmatrane pojave. Zbog clothea je ona najnepreciznija. Modaliteti ne clatter neki odre|eni redosled, ali se me|usobno iskqu~uju. Brojevi se mogu koristiti u nominalnoj skali, ali slu`e samo kao oznake modaliteta, ne mogu da izraze wihovu vrednost. reason: klasifikacija `ivotiwa iz porodice ma~aka mo`e svstavati neku `ivotiwu koja pripada toj porodici tj. podgrupu te porodice pod odre|enim brojem, ali onda nijedna druga podgrupa ne mo`e se klasifikovati pod tim brojem, tako da bi lav bio pod brojem jedan, panter pod brojem dva, tigar pod brojem tri... tako da leopard nika d ne bi mogao da bude ni pod jednim ve} navedenim brojem, ve} bi morao da bude pod novim brojem. ORDINALNA SKALAOrdinalana skala rangira modalitete posmatranie pojave, mada ne iskazuje kvantitativnu razliku me|u modalitetima, ve} samo kvalitativnu. Ordinalne skale se razlikuju me|usobno i od broja rangova, tj. od veli~ine skale, jer nije isto biti tre}i od deset i tre}i od sto. fusee: na tabeli lige fudbalskih klubova jedne zemqe, (naj~e{}e) prvi na tabeli ide u LIGU [AMPIONA, drugi na tabeli ide u KUP UEFA, ali varira od zemqe do zemqe. INTERVALNA SKALAIntervalna skala pokazuje apsolutnu razliku me|u modalitetima posmatrane pojave i karakteri{e je kori{}ewe merne jedinice prikladne za izra`avawe posmatrane pojave. Ipak, nulta vrednost na skali ne zna~i odsustvo pojave, tj. intervalna skala nema pravu nultu vrednost pojave. terra firma: untaintedwe vremena nema svoju pravu nultu vrednost, a i razli~ite religije tj. narodi su merili vreme prema wima va`nim doga|ajima, tako da su S tari Grci merili vreme od prve Olimpijade, a Hri{}ani! mere vreme od ro|ewa Hristovog. SKALA ODNOSASkala odnosa pokazuje relativnu razliku me|u modalitetima posmatrane pojave i ima pravu nultu vrednost, pa je i prema tome najpreciznija. Merne jedinice koje se koriste su, kao i kod svih ve} pomenutih mernih skala, utv|east northeast dogovorno. footing: u Srbiji se, kao i u ostatku kontinentalne Evrope, visina i du`ina izra`avaju u metrima, a te`ina u kilogramima, dok se u Americi visina i du`ina izra`avaju u in~ima i fitima, a te`ina u funtama. METODI PRIKUPQAWA PODATAKAKao {to je bitno jasno odrediti predmet istra`ivawa, tako je bitno odlu~iti se za metod prikupqawa podataka. Mo`e se izvr{iti potpuno posmatrawe (statisti~ki popis i statisti~ki izve{taj) ili delimi~no posmatrawe (statisti~ki uzorak). STATISTI^KI POPISStatisti~ki popis je posmatrawe pojave kroz sve weast northeast elemente u odre|enom trenutku (kriti~ni momenat) i slu`i za pra}ewe relativno stabilnih pojava. Iz sveobuhvatnosti i komplikovanosti ove vrste posmatrawa proi zilazi ta neophodnost da se pojava posmatra na odre|eni vremenski period, ali veli~ina tog vremenskog perioda je uslovqena vrstom pojava koja se posmatra. Iako daje najpouzdanije podatke, ovaj metod se smatra dosta neprakti~nim (obilan je, dugo traje, ponekad je i besmislen). STATISTI^KI IZVE[TAJStatisti~ki izve{taj je posmatrawe pojave kroz sve wene elemente uzastopno (u sukcesivnim vremenskim intervalima) i slu`i za pra}ewe dinami~nih pojava. Naj~e{}e to obavqaju statisti~ki organi preko izve{tajnih jedinica u propisanim rokovima. Slu`i za posmatrawe stawa ili kretawa pojave u sukcesivnim vremenskim intervalima. Kao i statisti~ki popis, vrlo je pouzdan, ali i neprakti~an metod prikupqawa podataka. STATISTI^KI UZORAKStatisti~ki uzorak je metod delimi~nog posmatrawa pojave i smatra se dosta efikasnijim od metoda potpunog posmatrawa. Elementi statisti~kog uzorka se posmatraju isto kao i elementi statisti~kog popisa, samo {to se pri statisti~kom uzorku posmatraju samo neki elementi po jave (reprezentativni) i na osnovu wih se vr{i statis! ti~ko zakqu~ivawe o celoj pojavi. Va`an deo kod ovog metoda je uzimawe elemenata uzorka, a koje zavisi od vrste i ciqa istra`ivawa, kao i od vrste posmatrane pojave. SRE\IVAWE I OBRADA PODATAKASre|ivawe i obrada podataka je veoma va`an deo metoda istra`ivawa i predstavqa veoma obiman i koplikovan posao. food shop se u zavisnosti od mesta sre|ivawa na:·Centralizovano (boqa organizacija, , stru~nost obrade, upotreba jedin-stvenog metoda, efikasnije kori{}ewe tehnike za obradu)·Decentralizovano (br`e objavqivawe podataka)·Kombinovano (jedan deo se vr{i centralizovano, drugi decentra-lizovano)PRIKAZIVAWE PODATAKAStatisti~ke serije su rezultat sre?|ivawa podataka. Statisti~ke serije su nizovi statisti~kih podataka koji su sre|eni da ?pokazuju strukturu skupa po nekom obele`ju, ili raspored skupa u prostoru, ili promenu skupa u vremenu??2). Serije mo`emo podeliti prema distressingr`aju na:·Serije strukture·Vremenske serijeSERIJE STRUKTURESerije strukture pokazuju podatke u skupu pr ema modalitetima, i dele se na atributivne i numeri~ke, a numeri~ke daqe delimo na prekidne i neprekidne. Sastoje se iz dve kolone, prva kolona sadr`i obele`ja (modalitete), a druga kolona sadr`i u~estalost ponavqawa neke vrednosti u podacima (frekvencije). Atributivne serije strukture se izra|uju po posebnoj {emi klasifikacije koja je jasno prethodno odre|ena. Klasifikacija zavisi od vrste podataka ili ciqa istra`ivawa. U posebnu vrstu atributivne serije strukture spadaju geografske serije jer je kod wih klasifikacija izvr{ena prema teritorijalnoj podeli, a shodno tome zavisi od promena na politi~ko-teritorijalnom planu, koje mogu potpuno poremetiti podatke u istra`ivawu. PRIMER: vrednost bruto nacionalnog dohotka zemaqa 1997. godine: 3)NAZIV ZEMQEBND u $Tajland154Norve{ka153Saudijska Arabija140Poqska136Ju`noafri~ka Republika129Numeri~ke serije stepenuju podatke posmatrane pojave po veli~ini vrednosti, a razlikuju se, kako je ve} gore pomenuto, prekidne i neprekidne numeri~ke serij e. Prekidne serije se stepenuju po vrednostima podatk! e, od najni`e ka najvi{oj, dok kod neprekidnih serija nastaje problem broja grupa i veli~ine intervala grupa, a koji zajedno treba da zadovoqe i preglednost i da pru`e informacije o posmatranoj pojavi (ovaj problem zna da se pojavi i kod prekidnih serija sa velikim brojem obele`ja). Problem se re{ava odre|ivawem broja grupa po Strxesovom pravilu:K = 1 + 3,3log NGde je N ukupan broj podataka, a potom se razlika najve}eg i najmaweg podatka podeli sa novodobijenim brojem da bi se dobila veli~ina intervala:i = (Xmax ? Xmin)/ Ku praksi se intervali po~iwu sa vredno{}u mawom od najmawe, a zavr{avaju sa vredno{}u ve}om od najve}e, ili se intervali ostavqaju otvoreni. Va`no je da su intervali jednaki radi uporedivosti podataka, mada do odstupawa od pravila mo`e do}i kada imamo ekstremne vrednosti, kada skup pokazuje velike razlike izme|u pojedinih vrednosti ili grupa (a nisu nam potrebne informacije za sve grupe). Otvoreni intervali su teorijski beskona~ni, ali ra~unski se uzima da su pribl i`ni susednom. Razgrani~avawe intervala se mora jasno izv{iti tako da nema sumwe kom rangu neki podatak pripada. Ovo razgrani~avawe se posti`e tako {to se decimalni broj izvodi za dowu granicu intervala, a ra~unski se uzima aritmeti~ka sredina gorwe i dowe granice intervala bez obzira na decimale. Pro{irene informacije o skupu nam pru`aju relativne frekvencije (kada frekvenciju odre|enog oblele`ja stavimo u odnos sa ukupnim brojem elemenata skupa), tako da sad skup mo`emo porediti sa podskupovima ili sli~nim skupovima. PRIMER: srediti podatke za slede}i popis i prikazati kao numeri~ku seriju strukture20; 13; 9; 6; 6; 8; 2; 7; 9; 15; 18; 16; 17; 7; 8; 11; 6; 13; 18; 16; 5; 7; 19; 7; 9; 11; 10; 7; 6; 8; 6; 14; 11:Prvo se izra~una broj grupa po Strxesovom pravilu: K = 1 + 3,3log 33 = 6,01 ≈ 6 (jer je N=33)Potom se izra~una veli~ina intervala: i = (20 ? 2)/ 6 = 3 (jer je Xmax= 20, Xmin= 3)Po{to je dobijeno da formiramo seriju od 6 grupa veli~ine intervala 3:OBELE@JEU^ESTALOST(apso lutna frekvencija)RELATIVNA FREKVENCIJA u %2 ? 5265,1! ? 813398,1 ? 1161911,1 ? 1441214,1- 1741217,1 ? 20412Σ33 one CVREMENSKE SERIJEVremenske serije pokazuju varijacije posmatrane pojave tokom vremena, i dele se na momentne i intervalne. Tako|e se sastoje iz dve kolone, prva kolona sadr`i odrednice vremena, a druga kolona sadr`i veli~inu pojave u posmatranom periodu. Momentne serije prikazuju promene veli~ina u ta~no odre|enim izastopnim momentima vremena. Rezultat su vi{e uzastopnih popisa, i wihovo sumirawe je besmisleno jer ne pru`aju nikakvu validnu informaciju za istra`ivawe u kojem se upotrebqavaju. PRIMER: na kraju svake smene u ugostiteqskim objektima (tipa gril restorana, pekara, poslasti~arnica...) vr{i se popis preostale, neprodate, robe. Ako uzmemo da radni dan ima samo jednu smenu, dobijamo:DANPREOSTALA KOLI^INA ARTIKLA A20. 02. 2002.15021. 02. 2002.13622. 02. 2002. 14923. 02. 2002.115Intervalne serije pokazuju tok kretawa pojave u uzastopnim intervalima. Rezultat su neke vrste statisti~kog izve{taja, i wihovo sumira we ima smisla u ciqu pru`awu informacija. PRIMER: proizvodwa bakra u Jugoslaviji 1979-1989. godine u hiqadama tona:4)GODINAPROIZVODWA BAKRA1979.16.4461980.19.5591981.18.3371982.19.7331983.23.4431984.25.2791985.26.1661986.27.1581987.28.2531988.29.5231989.30.052TABELARNO PRIKAZIVAWETabelarno prikazivawe je jedan od na~ina prikazivawa serija u koncentrisanom vidu radi lak{eg rada sa sakupqenim podacima u vidu jasnosti podataka i lak{eg upore|ivawa podataka. Svaka tabela se sastoji od: poqa tabele, nastalih ukr{tawem redova i kolona tabele; naslova tabele, koji nam govori {ta posmatramo ili tuma~imo, a koji se mo`e nalaziti iznad ili ispod tabele; prvog reda (zaglavqa) i prve kolone (pretkolone) u koje unosimo obele`ja; i (ako je mogu}e usled vrste podataka) posledweg reda (ili kolone), koji sadr`i sumirane vrednosti poqa tabele. Statisti~ke tabele se prema nameni dele na obradne (obimne, sa detaqnim podacima, slu`e za sastavqawe analiti~kih tabela) i analiti~ke (sa`etije, ciq im je da istaknu vezu izme|u obele`ja i pospe{uju wihovu anali! zu). Statisti~ke tabele se prema sadr`aju dele na proste, slo`ene i kombinovane. Proste tabele sadr`e podatke jedne serije koji se odnose na seriju strukture ili vremensku seriju. PRIMER: u~inak dva prodavca u maloj firmi:PRODAVACOBIM PRODAJEProdavac 11306Prodavac 22560UKUPNO3866Slo`ene tabele nastaju spajawem dve ili vi{e prostih tabela, koje pokazuju rali~ite podatke, ali su ras~lawene prema istom obele`ju i u sadr`inskoj su vezi. PRIMER: obim prodaje dva artikla u tri grada Srbije:ARTIKLBEOGRADNOVI SADSMEDEREVOUKUPNOArtikl 130261369Artikl 2647050184UKUPNO949663253Kombinovane tabele sadr`e podatke dobijene ukr{tawem dva ili vi{e obele`ja ozna~enim i u zaglavqu i u pretkoloni tabele. Imaju ogroman analiti~ki zna~aj ako se ne zakomplikuju previ{e ~ime postaju nepregledne. PRIMER: struktura studenata na tri capital of Serbia and Montenegroska univerziteta iz ~etiri sredwe {kole:FakultetSredwa {kolaEKONOMSKIFILOLO[KIPRAVNIUKUPNOEkonomska6382497759Tehni~ka2416134174Filolo{ka13967591039 Gimnazija4093825611352UKUPNO108413898513324GRAFI^KO PRIKAZIVAWEGrafi~ko prikazivawe je jo{ jedan na~in prikazivawa serija u vidu geometrijskih oblika, oznaka na geografskim kartama ili slika tj. simboli~nih figura. Geografske serije se prikazuju na kartogramima, grafi~kim prikazima pomo}u oznaka na geografskim kartama. Prikazivawe serija u vidu geometrijskih oblika je dosta rasprostraweniji na~in koji pru`a vi{e mogu}nosti za upore|ivawe. Ti geometrijski oblici se nazivaju dijagramima, a izbor vrste dijagrama zavisi od vrste i ciqa istra`ivawa i podataka. Dijagrami mogu biti:·linijski (imaju jednu dimenziju i slu`e za prikazivawe modalitete jednog obele`ja)·povr{inski ili histogrami (mogu prikazivati vi{e obele`ja deqewem na mawe osen~ene povr{ine)·prostorni ili stereogrami (mogu prikazivati trodimenzionalno podatke)·u vidu ta~aka ili stigmogramiGrafi~ko prikazivawe se mo`e vr{iti u koordinatnom i izvan koordinatnog sistema. Grafi~ki prikazi u pravouglom ili polarnom koordinatno m sistemu slu`e za prikaz i analizu statisti~kih poda! taka raspore|enih po frekvencijama ili u vremenskim serijama i dosta su precizniji od grafi~kih prikaza izvan koordinatnog sistema koji naj~e{}e nalaze primenu na geografskim kartama primenom kartograma. GRAFI^KO PRIKAZIVAWE U PRAVOUGLOM KOORDINATNOM SISTEMUOvi prikazi se vr{e unutar pravog kvadranta pravouglog koordinatnog sisitema, gde se na apscisnoj osi nalaze obele`ja (modaliteti), a na ordinatnoj osi se nalaze u~estalost ponavqawa neke vrednosti u podacima (frekvencije). Neka gruba podela se mo`e izv{iti unutar grafi~kih prikaza u pravouglom koordinatnom sistemu na grafi~ko prikazivawe:·Numeri~kih serija sa prekidnim obele`jem·Numeri~kih serija sa neprekidnim obele`jem·Vremenskih serijaGRAFI^KO PRIKAZIVAWE NUMERI^KIH SERIJA SA PREKIDNIM OBELE@JEMPrikazivawe se vr{i pomo}u:1)Stigmograma (ozna~avawem ta~aka za vrednosti obele`ja podataka posmatrane pojave, naj~e{}e sre|enih u tabelama)2)Ordinatama (sli~no stigmogramima, gde su ta~ke stigmograma ordinatama povezane sa apscisno m osom)3)Dotplotom (ta~ke se uzdi`u sa apscisne ose do vrednosti podataka, prikaz u kom nema ordinatne ose, neprakti~an kod velikih vrednosti)PRIMER: za slede}e podatke iz tabele veli~ine porodica u selima na jugu Srbije (na osnovu uzorka od 10 porodica) napraviti grafi~ke prikaze u pravouglom koordinatnom sistemu (pomo}u: 1) stigmograma; 2) ordinata; 3) dotplota)BROJ ^LANOVA PORODICE (H)BROJ PORODICA (F)253242511) 2)3)GRAFI^KO PRIKAZIVAWE NUMERI^KIH SERIJA SA NEPREKIDNIM OBELE@JEMPrikazivawe se vr{i pomo}u:1)Histograma (pravougaonici ~ija je osnova veli~ina grupnog intervala, a visina frekvencija istog intervala; povr{ina jednog pravougaonika je proporcionalana frekvenciji tog grupnog intervala, a povr{ina svih pravougaonika jednaka je ukupnoj frekvenciji posmatrane populacije)2)Poligona (mnogougaona povr{ina ograni~ena izlomqenom linijom koja povezuje sredine grupnih intervala u vrednosti frekvencije i apscisnom osom; ukupna povr{ina poligona jednaka je ukupnoj povr{ini histograma za istu posmatranu pojavu tj. jednaka je ukupnoj fre! kvenciji posmatrane populacije; ako je u pitawu otvoreni interval, sredine grupnog intervala se ne spajaju sa apscisnom osom, nego vise u vazduhu, a ako je zatvoren interval, onda se krajevi izlomqene linije spajaju sa susednim sredinama intervala na apscisnoj osi)3)Teorijskom krivom (sli~no poligonu, izlomqena linija se unosi kao kontinuirana kriva; pri kori{}ewu teorijske krive polazi se od pretpostavke da su grupni intervali beskrajno mali, a da je wihov broj beskrajno veliki; teorijska kriva ukazuje na oblik rasporeda frekvencija, {to je veoma va`no u statistici)4)Kumulante (koristi kumulirane frekvencije od najni`e navi{e (kumulirawe ispod) ili od najvi{e nani`e (kumulirawe iznad) sukcesivnim sabirawem gde kona~na suma kumulirawa mora biti jednaka ukupnom zbiru frekvencija; u preseku kumulante ispod i iznad dobija se medijana populacije)PRIMER: za slede}u grupu od 16 regruta date su wihove te`ine : 65; 78; 90; 67; 83; 80; 72; 75; 69; 81; 80; 85; 90; 87; 77; 69. srediti i grupis ati podatke i napraviti grafi~ke prikaze u pravouglom koordinatnom sistemu (pomo}u: 1) histograma; 2) poligona; 3) teorijske krive; 4) kumulante ispod i iznad):Prvo se izra~una broj grupa po Strxesovom pravilu: K = 1 + 3,3log 16 = 4,97 ≈ 5 (jer je N=16)Potom se izra~una veli~ina intervala: i = (90 ? 65)/ 5 = 5 (jer je Xmax= 90, Xmin= 65)Po{to je dobijeno da formiramo seriju od 5 grupa veli~ine intervala 5, a za potrebe kumulante formira}emo u tabeli dve nove kolone, za kumulantu iznad i za kumulantu ispod:VISINA REGRUTABROJ REGRUTAKUMULANTA ISPODKUMULANTA IZNAD65 - 70441670.1 - 75261275.1 - 804101080.1 - 85313685.1 - 903163Σ161)2)3)4)GRAFI^KO PRIKAZIVAWE VREMENSKIH SERIJAPrikazivawe se vr{i pomo}u:1)Aritmeti~kih linijskih dijagrama (linijski dijagram sa aritmeti~kom skalom na ordinatnoj osi, gde se na apscisnoj osi nalaze oznake za vreme, a na ordinatnoj osi apsolutne vrednosti veli~ine posmatrane pojave u pojedinim momentima ili uzastopnim intervalima; ako ordinatna osa sadr`i velike vrednosti, a rasponi moraju biti jednak! i, po~etak prekidamo sa dve crte da bi izbacili neposmatrane vrednosti i date dobili ve}u preglednost dijagrama; po{to pokazuje apsolutne vrednosti, ovaj dijagram pokazuje za koliko, a ne koliko puta je ve}a ili mawa posmatrana pojava u momentu)2)Polulogaritamskih linijskih dijagrama (sli~an aritmeti~kom linijskom dijagramu, sem {to umesto apsolutnih vrednosti, na ordinatnoj osi se nalazi logaritamska skala, pa se preko ovog dijagrama mogu pratiti proporcionalne promene posmatrane pojave, ~ak i vi{e vremenskih serija kod kojih postoje apsolutne razlike u nivoima na kojima se kre}u podaci ili ako su kori{}ene razli~ite merne jedinice; ordinatna osa ne mo`e po~eti od nule)PRIMER: grafi~ki predstaviti promenu prodaje posmatrane firme A (tabela 1) po mesecima 2005. godine, a potom uporediti sa promenom prodaje firme B (tabela 2):TABELA 1TABELA 2PERIODPRODAJA (X1)log X1PERIODPRODAJA (X2)log X2Januar1302.11Januar3052.48Februar1682.22Februar3342.52Mart1702.23Mart3702.57April1992.29April38 02.58UKUPNO667UKUPNO1389GRAFI^KO PRIKAZIVAWE U POLARNOM KOORDINATNOM SISTEMUKod vremenskih serija kod kojih je izra`en sezonski karakter promena koristi se polarni dijagram. Zavisno od du`ine vremenskog perioda koji se posmatra, krug dijagrama se podeli na potreban broj jednakih delova (za kvartale ~etiri, za mesece dvanaest...) koji se nazivaju potege. Po potegama unosimo merne jedinice skale, a na ostale unosimo ta~ke koje ozna~avaju vrednosti pojave, spajawem ta~aka dobijamo izlomqenu krivu kojapokazuje razvoj promene. Radi lak{eg rada sa dijagramom, mo`e se ucrtati krug na dijagramu koji bi ozna~avao prose~nu vrednost pojave, pa bi se prema tome moglo videti koji delovi su bili iznad (izvan kruga), a koji ispod proseka (unutar kruga). PRIMER: posmatrati promenu u poslovawu fotografskih radwi po godi{wim dobima:GODI[WE DOBAPOSLOVAWEPROLE]E 2002.40LETO 2002.300JESEN 2002.80ZIMA 2002.180PROLE]E 2003.50LETO 2003.310JESEN 2003.120ZIMA 2003.200GRAFI^KO PRIKAZIVAWE VAN KOORDINATNOG SIS TEMAKod geografskih serija se za grafi~ko prikazivawe! koriste kartogrami. Osnovu ~ini geografska karta sa podru~ijima ~ije su granice jasno utvr|ene. Koja vrste su podru~ja zavisi od ciqa istra`ivawa. Podaci o veli~ini pojave se unose u podru~ja {rafurama, ta~kama ili obi~nim dijagramom (simboli raznih vrsta). Ako se ozna~ava sen~ewem ili bojewem, intezitet ozna~avawa treba da bude pribli~an intezitetu posmatrane pojave. Kartogrami se mogu upore|ivati radi posmatrawa razvoja posmatrane promene u vremenskim intervalima koji pak se uzimaju shodno vrsti podataka ili ciqu istra`ivawa (promena nadmorske visine se posmatra na du`e vremenske periode, populacija na otprilike deceniju, a koli~ina padavina na kvartale...). Popularan na~in je prikazivawe slikama (intezitet se ozna~ava razli~itim veli~inama slike ili rali~itim brojem istih slika) pojave koja se posmatra, ali ovaj na~in je najneprecizniji. PRIMER: dat je kartogram prose~ne visinske strukture regiona sa podelom na 0-500m; 500-1500m; preko 1500m: 5)DESKRIPTIVNE unmingledU istra`iva wu nam je ciq da dobijemo jedinstvenu sliku o prikupqenim odacima jer gomila podataka, bez obzira kako sre|ena i grafi~ki i tabelarno predstavqena, ote`ava zakqu~ivawe o posmatranoj pojavi. U tu svrhu ras~lawujemo i upore|ujemo podatke i tar`imo pravilnosti i zakonitosti pojave. ^itave serije podataka nastojimo da zamenimo mawim brojem numeri~kih karakteristika koje bi predstavqale seriju {to je mogu}e boqe. Za koju vrstu tih reprezentativnih karakteristika }emo se opredeliti zavisi prvenstveno od ciqa istra`ivawa, ali i od same prirode podataka koje smo prikupili. ?Pokazateqe rasporeda frekvencija koji pokazuju chief executive officer osnovni skup nazivamo parametrima skupa i svstavamo ih u tri grupe?6):·Mere centralne tendencije rasporeda·Mere disperzije·Mere oblika rasporedaDeskriptivne mere koje se odnose na sve jedinice skupa nazivamo parametri skupa, a koje se odnose uzorak statistike uzorka. true CENTRALNE TENDENCIJEMere centralne tendencije rasporeda nazivamo druga~ije i sredwim vrednostima. One posmatraju osobine podata! ka da se grupi{u oko vrednosti koja najboqe predstavqa sve podatke. Takva vrednost nam omogu}ava da upore|ujemo seriju sa drugom serijom (naravno, opet preko vrednosti koja najboqe predstavqa tu drugu seriju), pokazuje lokaciju skupa. Prema na~inu na koji dolazimo do wih, sredwe vrednosti se dele na izra~unate i pozicione. U izra~unate sredwe vrednosti spadaju: aritmeti~ka sredina, geometrijska sredina i harmonijska sredina. U pozicione sredwe vrednosti spadaju: modus i medijana. Svaka sredwa vrednost posebno ima svoje karakteristi~ne osobine (dobre i lo{e) koje se moraju uzeti u obzir pri opredeqivawu u istra`ivawu, ali sve moraju da imaju slede}e osobine: da su dobijene objektivnim matemati~kim putem, da se dobijena sredwa vrednost serije nalazi u intervalu od najmawe do najve}e vrednosti te serije, i da ako su podaci u seriji svi jednaki, onda je i sredwa vrednost ista kao i vrednost obele`ja. ARITMETI^KA SREDINAAritmeti~ka sredina (ili prosek) je naj{ire upotrebqena mera central ne tendencije u istra`ivawu, ali i u svakodnevnom `ivotu. Dobija se kada se zbir svih posmatranih podataka podeli sa brojem posmatranih podataka. Podaci mogu biti grupisani i negrupisani, a aritmeti~ke srednie se mogu izra~unavati za ceo skup ili uzorak (zavisno {ta posmatramo) preko slede}ih manifestation:Aritmeti~ka sredina skupa za negrupisane podatkeμ = Σ x / NAritmeti~ka sredina skupa za grupisane podatkeμ = Σ fi xi / NAritmeti~ka sredina uzorka za negrupisane podatke = Σ x / nAritmeti~ka sredina uzorka za grupisane podatke = Σ fi xi / nGde je N broj podataka u skupu, n broj podataka u uzorku, fi frekvencija i-tog podatka. Kao oznaka za aritmeti~ku sredinu skupa koristi se gr~ko slovo μ (koje se ~ita mi), a za aritmeti~ku sredinu uzorka koristi se (koje se ~ita iks bar). Kada imamo grupisane podatke, moramo svaki podatak da pomno`imo sa wegovom frekvencijom, a taj proces se naziva ponderisawe. Kod izra~unavawa aritmeti~ke sredine num eri~ke serije sa neprekidnim obele`jem, uzimamo sredi! nu grupnog intervala koje ponderi{emo pa daqe izra~unavamo po datoj formuli aritmeti~ke sredine za grupisane podatke. Najve}i nedostatak ovakvog postupka je {to se predpostavqa da su vrednosti obele`ja unutar grupnog intervala ravnomerno raspore|ena ({to je u praksi retko slu~aj), {to dovodi do odstupawa od aritmeti~ke sredine dobijene na osnovu negrupisanih podataka. Prednost aritmeti~ke sredine u odnosu na sve druge mere je {to zavisi od svih podataka u skupu (ili uzorku), ali ako me|u podacima postoje ekstremne vrednosti (vrednost u seriji koja jako odudara od ostalih vrednosti u seriji) one }e dati pogre{ne informacije o seriji. Aritmeti~ka sredina ima (pored ve} navedenih osobina koje imaju sve sredwe vrednosti) jo{ tri:·suma odstupawa podataka od proseka uvek je jednaka nuliza grupisane Σ fi (xi ? μ) = 0; za negrupisane Σ (xi ? μ) = 0·suma kvadrata odstupawa podataka od proseka mawa je od sume kvadrate odstupawa podataka od bilo koje vrednosti u seriji il i bilo koje druge sredwe vrednosti (pod uslovom da je ta vrednost razli~ita od proseka)Σ (xi ? μ)2 < Σ (xi ? x0)2 (gde je x0 ta vrednost razli~ita od proseka)·Ako su dva obele`ja ili dve serije (h i u) povezane linearnom funkcijom, onda su i wihove aritmeti~ka sredine povezane istom funkcijomza y=a+bx va`i μy=a+bμx (μy prosek od y; μx prosek od x)GEOMETRIJSKA SREDINAGeometrijska sredina izravnava relativne i proporcionalne promene izme|u vrednosti podataka posmatrane serije. Dobija se kao pozitivna vrednost korena proizvoda svih vrednosti obele`ja ~iji je izlo`iteq broj podataka ili antilogaritmovawem po slede}oj formuli:Geometrijska sredina skupa za negrupisane podatke Geometrijska sredina skupa za negrupisane podatke(antilogaritmovawem) Geometrijska sredina skupa za grupisane podatke Geometrijska sredina skupa za grupisane podatke (antilogaritmovawem)Gde je N broj podataka, x1 * x2 * ... * xn je proizvod vrednosti obele`ja X, fi frekvencija i-to g podatka. Najve}i nedostatak geometrijske sredine je! {to (po{to se izra~unava kao proizvod) nijedna vrednost obele`ja ne sme biti jednaka nuli ili negativna vrednost. geometrijska sredina ima (pored ve} navedenih osobina koje imaju sve sredwe vrednosti) jo{ tri osobine:·Mawa je ili jednaka aritmeti~koj sredini·Proizvod odnosa geometrijske sredine prema mawim vrednostima obele`ja jednak je odnosu ve}ih vrednosti obele`ja prema geometrijskoj sredinixi < G < xi+1Zbog svojih osobina, geometrijska sredina se slabo koristi kao pokazateq rasporeda frekvencija, ali se naj~e{}e koristi za izravnavawe indeksnih brojeva i za izra~unavawe stope rasta na osnovu lan~anih indeksa, preko formule:rg = G ? 100Gde je G geometrijska sredina izra~unata za vrednosti lan~anih indeksa ili:Gde je N broj podataka, Y1 prva vrednost u vremenskoj seriji, a YN posledwa vrednost u vremenskoj seriji. Geometrijska stopa rasta je relativna veli~ina koja se koristi za procenu broja posmatrane pojave izme|u dva popisa ako se rast kre}e pribli`no po geometrijskoj prog resiji (naj~e{}e je u pitawu broj stanovnika). HARMONIJSKA SREDINAHarmonijska sredina je recipro~na vrednost aritmeti~ke sredine recipro~nih vrednosti obele`ja. Izra~unava se:Harmonijska sredina za negrupisane podatke Harmonijska sredina za grupisane podatkeGde je N broj podataka, a fi frekvencija i-tog podatka. Harmonijska sredina nema {iroku primenu u istra`ivawu, ali se koristi za izra~unavawe indeksnih brojeva i kod recipro~nih pokazateqa obele`ja. Besmisleno je ra~unati harmonijsku sredinu za vrednosti obele`ja nula. MODUSModus je poziciona sredwa vrednost koja se kao pokazateq lokacije javqa na osnovu odre|ivawa pozicije koju zauzima u seriji. Modus (na osnovu zna~ewa moda) je vrednost obele`ja koja je najtipi~nija u posmatranoj seriji jer ima najve}u u~estalost. Zavisno od toga koliko vrednosti obele`ja ima najve}u u~estalost, serije mogu biti unimodalne (samo jedna vrednost obele`ja sa najve}om u~estalo{}u), bimodalne (dve vrednosti obele`ja) i multimodalne (vi{e vrednosti o bele`ja imaju najve}u u~estalost). Serije sa vrednost! ima obele`ja koja imaju jednaku u~estalost u seriji ka`emo da nema modus. Odre|ivawe za serije negrupisanih podataka je po principu uzimawa vrednosti obele`ja sa najve}om u~estalo{}u za modus. Za serije grupisanih podataka modus se tra`i preko grupnog intervala sa najve}om u~estalo{}u koji se naziva modalnim intervalom po formuli:ModusMo= L1 + (f2 ? f3) / [(f2 ? f1) + (f2 ? f3)]iGde je L1 dowa granica modalnog intervala, f1 u~estalost predmodalnog intervala, f2 u~estalost modalnog intervala, f3 u~estalost poslemodalnog intervala, a i je du`ina grupnog intervala. Modus se grafi~ki mo`e najlak{e odrediti preko histograma u preseku linije po~etne vrednosti modalnog intervala i po~etne vrednosti poslemodalnog intervala sa linijom krajwe vrednosti modalnog intervala i krajwe vrednosti predmodalnog intervala. Dobijena ta~ka na apscisi pokazuje modus serije. Najve}i nedostaci modusa su to {to u nekim serijama je nemogu}e odrediti modus i {to je veoma va`no kako grupi{emo podatke, jer ist a serija grupisana na dva razli~ita na~ina pokazuje razli~ite moduse, a najve}e prednosti su {to na modus ne uti~u ekstremne vrednosti i {to se mo`e odre|ivati na svim skalama, pa ~ak i nominalnoj. Uzavisno od ciqa istra`ivawa, modus se mo`e pokazati kao najboqa mogu}a sredwa vrednost. MEDIJANAMedijana je druga poziciona sredwa vrednost. Medijana je ona vrednost obele`ja koja se nalazi ta~no u sredini sre|ene serije po veli~ini, tj. deli seriju na polovinu koja ima ve}u vrednost od medijane i polovinu koja ima mawu vrednost od medijane. Kod serija sa~iwenih od neparnog broja podataka, medijana je sredi{wa vrednost (npr. u seriji od 7 podataka, 4. podatak je mesto medijane, pa je vrednost 4. podatka medijana...), ali kod serija sa~iwenih od parnog broja podataka, medijana je aritmeti~ka sredina dve sredi{we vrednosti (npr. u seriji od 8 podataka, aritmeti~ka sredina vrednosti 4. i 5. podatka je medijana...). Kada imamo sre|ene serije sa velikim brojem podataka, mo`emo ra~unskim putem da na|emo gde je medijana kumulirawem kolone od najn! i`e frekvencije navi{e (kumulirawe ispod) tako {to tra`imo gde se obuhvata polovina ukupne frekvencije, tj. koje obele`je obuhvata polovinu ukupne frekvencije. Za serije grupisanih podataka, medijana se odre|uje po formuli:MedijanaMe = L1 + [(N/2 - Σf1) / fMe] iGde je L1 dowa granica medijalnog intervala, N broj ~lanova serije, Σf1 zbir frekvencija predmedijalnog intervala, fMe frekvencija medijalnog intervala, a i je du`ina grupnog intervala. Medijana se grafi~ki najlak{e odrediti preko kumulante, u preseku kumulante iznad i kumulante ispod dobija se ta~ka koja na apscisi pokazuje medijanu. Najve}i nedostatak medijane je {to se ne mo`e odrediti za otvorene intervale koji sadr`e vi{e od polovine podataka, a najve}a prednost je {to na medijanu ne uti~u ekstremne vrednosti. MERE DISPERZIJEMere disperzije nazivamo druga~ije i merama raspr{enosti. Wima merimo varijacije posmatranih serija, jer dve serije mogu imati iste sredwe vrednosti, ali razli~itu disperziju serije. Prema tome kako iskazuju tu disperziju, delimo ih na apsolutne mere disperzije i relativne mere disperzije. Apsolutne mere disperzije pokazuju apsolutne iznose u mernim jedinicama posmatranih obele`ja. One se dele na izra~unate i pozicione. Pozicione apsolutne mere disperziju su interval varijacije i interkvartilna razlika, a izra~unate apsolutne mere disperzije su sredwe apsolutno odstupawe, varijansa i standardna devijacija. Relativne mere disperzije su koeficijent varijacije, koeficijent interkvartilne varijacije i standardizovano odstupawe. INTERVAL VARIJACIJEInterval varijacije pokazuje raspon podataka od najmaweg do najve}eg u seriji. Dobija se kao razlika najmawe i najve}e vrednosti obele`ja u seriji:Interval varijacijei = xmax - xminInterval varijacije daje grubu sliku o disperziji serije. Najve}i nedostaci su {to se mo`e izra~unavati samo za kona~ne razmake i {to na wu uti~u ekstremne vrednosti. INTERKVARTILNA RAZLIKAInterkvartilna razlika se izra~unava kao razlika tre}eg i prvo g kvartila serije. Kvartili su serija podeqena na ~et! iri jednaka dela. Medijana serije se naziva drugim kvartilom. Analogno tome, prvi kvartil deli seriju sre|enu po veli~ini na ~etvrtinu koja ima mawu vrednost od prvog kvartila i tri ~etvrtine koje imaju ve}u vrednost od prvog kvertila; tre}i kvartil deli seriju sre|enu po veli~ini na ~etvrtinu koja ima ve}u vrednost od tre}eg kvartila i tri ~etvrtine koje imaju mawu vrednost od tre}eg kvartila. Preko formula:Prvi kvartilQ1 = L1 + [(N/4 - Σf1) / fQ1] iDrugi kvartil(medijana)Me = L1 + [(N/2 - Σf1) / fQ2] iTre}i kvartilQ3 = L1 + [(3N/4 - Σf1) / fQ3] iGde je L1 dowa granica kvartilnog intervala, N broj ~lanova serije, Σf1 zbir frekvencija predkvartilnog intervala, fQ frekvencija kvartilnog intervala, a i je du`ina grupnog intervala. Preko svega toga, interkvartilna razlika se dobija:Interkvartilna razlikaiq = Q3 ? Q1Po{to kvartili imaju iste osobine kao i medijana, ni na interkvartilnu razliku ne uti~u ekstremne vrednosti. SREDWE APSOLUTNO ODSTUPAWESredwe apsolutno o dstupawe je izra~unata apsolutna mera disperzije koja pokazuje disperziju prema odstupawu od aritmeti~ke sredine, pa je zbog toga (kao i sve izra~unate apsolutne mere disperzije) boqa od pozicionih apsolutnih mera disperzije. Izra~unava se po formuli:Sredwe apsolunto odstupawe za negrupisane podatke = 1/ N Σ | xi - μ|Sredwe apsolunto odstupawe za grupisane podatke = 1/ N Σfi | xi - μ|Gde je N broj ~lanova serije, fi frekvencija i-tog podatka, a μ aritmeti~ka sredina. Pri izra~unavawu odstupawa podataka od aritmeti~ke sredine koristi se apsolutna vrednost, jer je (kao {to je ve} pomenuto kod osobina aritmeti~ke sredine) zbir odstupawa jednak nuli, a da bi se izbeglo to, za sredwe apsolutno odstupawe se koristi zbir apsolutnih vrednosti odstupawa podataka od aritmeti~ke sredine. VARIJANSAVarijansa pokazuje disperziju prema odstupawu od aritmeti~ke sredine, ali (za razliku od sredweg apsolutnog odstupawa gde se koristi zbir apsolutnih vrednosti odstupawa pod ataka od aritmeti~ke sredine) kod varijanse se korist! i zbir kvadrata vrednosti odstupawa podataka od aritmeti~ke sredine. Dobija se po formuli:Varijansa skupa za negrupisane podatkeσ2 =1/ N Σ (xi ? μ)2Varijansa skupa za grupisane podatkeσ2 =1/ N Σfi (xi ? μ)2]Varijansa uzorka za negrupisane podatkes2 =1/ (n-1) Σ (xi ? )2Varijansa uzorka za grupisane podatkes2 =1/ (n-1) Σfi (xi ? )2Gde je N broj podataka u skupu, n broj podataka u uzorku, fi frekvencija i-tog podatka, μ aritmeti~ka sredina skupa, a aritmeti~ka sredinu. Kao oznaka za varijansu skupa koristi se gr~ko slovo σ2 (koje se ~ita sigma na kvadrat), a kao oznaka za varijansu uzorka koristi se slovo s2. Razlog {to kod uzorka delimo sa n-1, a ne sa n je {to je n-ti kvadrat odstupawa potpuno odre|en posle n-1 slu~ajnih odstupawa, pa ka`emo da je izgubio svoju slobodu. n-1 je broj stepeni slobode sa kojim moramo da delimo da bi dobili nepristrasnu ocenu. Najve}i nedostatak varijanse je {to se izra`ava u mernim jedinicama na kvadr at. Iz ovog proizilazi da nikad ne mo`e imati negativnu vrednost. STANDARDNA DEVIJACIJAStandarna devijacija je pozitivan koren varijanse i time je otklowen najve}i nedostatak varijanse (merne jedinice na kvadrat). Oznaka za standardnu devijaciju sjupa je σ, a za standardnu devijaciju uzorka je s. Iako je standardna devijacija naj~e{}e kori{}ena apsolutna mera disperzije, ona nam sama ne mo`e re}i da li je dobijena vrednost disperzije velika ili ne (jer standardna devijacija zavisi od veli~ine vrednosti obel`ja serije), ve} se u tu svrhu koriste relativne mere disperzije. KOEFICIJENT VARIJACIJEKoeficijent varijacije je odnos standardne devijacije i aritmeti~ke sredine. Dobija se po formuli:Koeficijent varijacijeV = σ / μGde je σ standardna devijacija, a μ aritmeti~ka sredina. Koeficijent varijacije slu`i za upore|ivawe disperzija dve ili vi}e serija, a wegova najve}a prednost (budu}i da je re~ o relativnoj veli~ini, tj. veli~ini izra`enoj u procentima) je {to se mogu upore|ivati serije ~ije merne jedinice nisu ! iste. KOEFICIJENT INTERKVARTILNE VARIJACIJEKoeficijent interkvartilne varijacije je druga mera kojom se porede serije:Koeficijent interkvartilne varijacijeVQ = (Q3 ? Q1) / (Q3 + Q1)STANDARDIZOVANO ODSTUPAWEStandardizovano odstupawe se druga~ije naziva i normalizovano odstupawe. Slu`i da se oceni varijacija sa stanovi{ta zasebnih podataka. Dobija se po formuli:Standardizovano odstupaweZ = (X - μ) / σGde je σ standardna devijacija, a μ aritmeti~ka sredina. Za sve relativne mere va`i pravilo da se kre}u u intervalu od 0 do 1, ili od 0% do 100%. [to je dobijena vrednost bli`a 0, disperzija je mala, {to je daqa od 0 sve je ve}a. Ako su svi podaci u seriji jednaki, dobijena vrednost }e iznositi 0, tj. nema disperzije u seriji. MERE OBLIKA RASPOREDAMere oblika rasporeda obuhvataju mere asimetrije rasporeda i mere spqo{tenosti rasporeda. Obe mere su relativne. MERE ASIMETRIJE RASPOREDAMere asimetrije rasporeda su relativne mere kojima se ispituje simetri~nost oblika rasp oreda. Simetri~an raspored ima frekvencije vrednosti obele`ja ravnomerno raspore|ene od aritmeti~ke sredine sa obe strane (kod simetri~nih rasporeda aritmeti~ka sredina, modus i medijana su jednake). Kod asimetri~nih rasporeda frekvencije vrednosti obele`ja grupi{u se iznad ili ispod aritmeti~ke sredine. Ka`emo da je raspored asimetri~an u desno kada je aritmeti~ka sredina ve}a od modusa, ili druga~ije raspored je pozitivno asimetri~an. Ka`emo da je raspored asimetri~an u levo kada je aritmeti~ka sredina mawa od modusa, ili druga~ije raspored je negativno asimetri~an. Za odre|ivawe mera oblika rasporeda koriste se odstupawa vrednosti obele`ja od aritmeti~ke sredine na odre|eni stepen ili centalni momenti rasporeda. locution za dobijawe centralnih momenata rasporeda:Centralni momenti rasporeda Mn =1/ N Σ (xi ? μ)nGde je N broj podataka u skupu, n broj momenta koji posmatramo, μ aritmeti~ka sredina skupa. Za nulti momenat, vrednost je uvek jedan. Za prvi momenat, vredn ost je uvek nula. Za drugi momenat, vrednost je uvek ! jednaka vrednosti varijanse skupa. Mera asimetrije rasporeda se dobija po formuli:Mera asimetrije rasporeda α3 = M3 / σ3Gde je M3 tre}i centralni momenat rasporeda, σ3 je standardna devijacija na tre}i stepen. Kao oznaka za meru asimetrije rasporeda koristi se gr~ko slovo α3 (koje se ~ita alfa tri). Tre}i stepeni se poni{tavaju i dobijamo relativnu meru. Kada se α3 kre}e u intervalu od ?- 0.5 do 0.5, ka`emo da je raspored umereno asimetri~an, za sve van tog intervala ka`emo da je znatno asimetri~an. Kada je α3 jednako nuli, ka`emo da je raspored simetri~an. MERE SPQO[TENOSTI RASPOREDAMere spqo{tenosti rasporeda su relativne mere kojima se ispituje spqo{tenost oblika rasporeda u zavisnosti od odnosa frekvencije sredwih vrednosti i frekvencija ostalih vrednosti obele`ja. Mera spqo{tenosti rasporeda se dobija po formuli:Mera spqo{tenosti rasporeda α4 = M4 / σ4Gde je M4 ~etvrti centralni momenat rasporeda, σ4 je standardna devijacija na ~etvrti stepen. Kao oznaka za meru asimetrije rasporeda koristi se gr~ko slovo α4 (koje se ~ita alfa ~etiri). ^etvrti stepeni se poni{tavaju i dobijamo relativnu meru. Raspored ima normalnu spqo{tenost ako je α4 jednako tri, ako je α4 mawe od tri, ka`emo da je raspored vi{e spqo{ten od normalnog rasporeda, a ako je α4 ve}e od tri, ka`emo da je raspored vi{e izdu`en od normalnog rasporeda. PRIMER ZA PRIMENU MERA DESKRIPTIVNE ANALIZEDat nam je primer pregleda invalidskih penzija po mesecima 2002. godine za korisnika NN:mesecIznos u din. Januar9000Februar14511Mart14593April14663Maj14716Jun14836Jul14852Avgust14899Septembar14940Oktobar14982Novembar15011Decembar15010Minitab 14.13 nam je dao slede}i izlaz:TotalVariable reckoning repute StDev Variance CoefVar Minimum Q1 Median Q3C1 12 14334 1688 2849648 11,78 9000 14611 14844 14972Variable maximal dictate IQRC1 15011 6011 361Obja{wewe dobijenih podataka : arit meti~ka sredina posmatrane pojave iznosi 14334 (u Min! itabu ozna~ava se sa Mean), varijansa je 2849648 (u Minitabu ozna~ava se sa Variance), standardna devijacija je 1688 (u Minitabu ozna~ava se sa StDev), koeficijent varijacije je 11.78% (u Minitabu ozna~ava se sa CoefVar), medijana je 14844 (u Minitabu ozna~ava se sa Median), prvi kvartil je 14611 (u Minitabu ozna~ava se sa Q1), tre}i kvartil je 14972 (u Minitabu ozna~ava se sa Q3), interkvartilna razlika je 361 (u Minitabu ozna~ava se sa IQR), interval varijacije je 6011 (u Minitabu se najbli`e obele`ava sa Range). U ovom primeru ne mo`e se izra~unati modus jer se svaka vrednost pojavquje samo jedanput. Po{to se u primeru nalazi ekstremna vrednost (za januar mesec iznos je 9000, vrednost koja dosta odstupa od ostalih vrednosti), aritmeti~ka sredina nije najboqi pokazateq sredwe vrednosti, ve} je medijana (na koju ne uti~u ekstremne vrednosti). Ekstremna vrednost povla~i raspored u levo, a po{to nam je medijana najboqa mera centralne tendencije, interkvartilna razlika nam je najboqa mera disperzije. ZAKQU^AKKada se odlu~imo da posmatramo neku pojavu, moramo pa`qivo da se odlu~imo i kako }emo skupqati i sre|ivati podatke posmatrane pojave. Pored osobina pojave koju posmatramo, i materijalna strana istra`ivawa uti~e na odabir metoda (svaka studija naj~e{}e ima veoma ograni~en buxet). Statisti~ki popis je mnogo temeqniji, ali i izda{niji od statisti~kog uzorka. Statisti~ki uzorak prikupqen na ispravan na~in daje efikasnije podatke od statisti~kog popisa. Kada prikupimo i sredimo podatke (prema potrebama istra`ivawa zavisi da li }emo grupisati i na koliko grupa), biramo i koje mere deskriptivne analize }emo koristiti. Ako me|u posmatranim pojava nema ekstremnih vrednosti, onda nam je aritmeti~ka sredina najboqa sredwa vrednost koja }e pokazati karakteristike posmatrane pojave, kada pak ima ekstremnih vrednosti, odlu~i}emo se za medijanu. Zavisno od koje sredwe vrednosti smo se odlu~ili da nam najvi{e odgovara, uze}emo mere disperzije. Medijani najvi{e odgovara inte rkvartilna razlika, aritmeti~koj sredini najvi{e odgo! vara standardna devijacija. SADR@AJ:UVOD3MERNE SKALE3NOMINALNA SKALA3ORDINALNA SKALA3INTERVALNA SKALA4SKALA ODNOSA4METODI PRIKUPQAWA PODATAKA4STATISTI^KI POPIS4STATISTI^KI IZVE[TAJ4STATISTI^KI UZORAK4SRE\IVAWE I OBRADA PODATAKA5PRIKAZIVAWE PODATAKA5SERIJE STRUKTURE5VREMENSKE SERIJE6TABELARNO PRIKAZIVAWE7GRAFI^KO PRIKAZIVAWE8GRAFI^KO PRIKAZIVAWE U PRAVOUGLOM KOORDINATNOM SISTEMU8GRAFI^KO PRIKAZIVAWE NUMERI^KIH SERIJA SA PREKIDNIM OBELE@JEM8GRAFI^KO PRIKAZIVAWE NUMERI^KIH SERIJA SA NEPREKIDNIM OBELE@JEM9GRAFI^KO PRIKAZIVAWE VREMENSKIH SERIJA11GRAFI^KO PRIKAZIVAWE U POLARNOM KOORDINATNOM SISTEMU12GRAFI^KO PRIKAZIVAWE VAN KOORDINATNOG SISTEMA12DESKRIPTIVNE MERE13MERE CENTRALNE TENDENCIJE14ARITMETI^KA SREDINA14GEOMETRIJSKA SREDINA15HARMONIJSKA SREDINA15MODUS16MEDIJANA16MERE DISPERZIJE17INTERVAL VARIJACIJE17INTERKVARTILNA RAZLIKA17SREDWE APSOLUTNO ODSTUPAWE17VARIJANSA18STANDARDNA DEVIJACIJA18KOEFICIJENT VARIJACIJE18KOEFICIJENT INTERKVARTILNE VARIJACIJE18STANDARDIZOVANO ODSTUPAWE19MERE OBL IKA RASPOREDA19MERE ASIMETRIJE RASPOREDA19MERE SPQO[TENOSTI RASPOREDA19PRIMER ZA PRIMENU MERA DESKRIPTIVNE ANALIZE20OBJA[WEWE DOBIJENIH PODATAKA21ZAKQU^AK21ENDNOTE22LITERATURA23Endnote:1)@i`i} M, Lovri} M, Pavli~i} D, METODI STATISTI^KE ANALIZE, Beograd: centar za izdava~ku delatnost Ekonomskog fakulteta, 2005. (str. 11)2)isto (str.15)3)Human Development Report, Oxford University Press, 1999. (32.str)4)@i`i} M, Lovri} M, Pavli~i} D, METODI STATISTI^KE ANALIZE, Beograd: centar za izdava~ku delatnost Ekonomskog fakulteta, 2005. (str. 22)5) Hearts of Iron, Paradox, 2005. (1.str)6)@i`i} M, Lovri} M, Pavli~i} D, METODI STATISTI^KE ANALIZE, Beograd: centar za izdava~ku delatnost Ekonomskog fakulteta, 2005. (str. 38)LITERATURA KORI[]ENA PRI IZRADI PRISTUPNOG RADA:OSNOVNA LITERATURA:@i`i} M, Lovri} M, Pavli~i} D, METODI STATISTI^KE ANALIZE, Beograd: centar za izdava~ku delatnost Ekonomskog fakulteta, 2005. DODATNA LITRATURA:HELP file cabinet IZ MINITABA 14.13STRANICE SA INTERNETAPRI IZRAD I PRISTUPNOG RADA KORI[]EN JE STATISTI^KI PAKET MINIT! AB 14.13SVI PRIMERI (SEM AKO NIJE NAVEDENO DRUGA^IJE) SU POTPUNO PROIZVOQNI I DELO SU AUTORA OVOG RADA. SVAKO POKLAPAWE SA NE^IJIM TU\IM PRIMERIMA JE POTPUNO NENAMERNO If you want to get a full essay, order it on our website: OrderCustomPaper.com

If you want to get a full essay, visit our page: write my paper

The Writing of the American Constitution

The Writing of the Constitution         A constitution is the legal social organisation of our political system, establishing political sympathiesal bodies , determining how their members are s spot , and prescribing the rules by which they make their decisions .         The nations founders , cardinal men , met in Philadelphia in the summer of 1787 to write a new constitution and to relieve oneself a new g everyplacenment. George upper-case letter was elective chairman of the convention.The founders were either very well-educated. Over one-half the delegates had collage degrees, which was rare in the North American undefiled at that time.         They also had recognize in governing . more than forty of the delegates held high offices in state governments , including three who were governors. The founders believed in the idea that the purpose of government was the protection of individual life, self-reliance and property.         Following the election of George chapiter as president of the convention, governor Edmund Randolph of Virginia presented a draft of a new constitution .The Virginia stick come out of the closet proposed a two signaling legislature. A write down house straight off elected by the people of the states based on the universe , and an upper house elected by the lower house.The recounting was to have broad legislative power ,with proscribe over laws passed by state legislatures .The President and cabinet would be elected by legislature. The national judiciary would be elected by legislature , and their would be a Council of Revision with power to cast out laws of Congress.         Delegates from late Jersey , unfermented York and Delaware did not agree to the Virginia expose due to the great power delegated to the national government . William Paterson of New Jersey submitted a counterproposal .The New Jersey Plan proposed a one-house legisla ture, with equal state representation regard! less of population. Congress had a couple of(prenominal) legislative power, including levying... If you want to get a full essay, alteration it on our website: OrderCustomPaper.com

If you want to get a full essay, visit our page: write my paper

Rosa Parks

        Racism and prejudice has been a problem in the relate States for along time. Poeple have been denied human rights such as acquire a fair trial, eating in resturants, or posing in what ever seat they want in a public jalopy. In 1955 a woman named genus genus genus Rosa place took a stand on a public double-decker in Montgomery Alabama. She refused to give her seat to a clean-living man and was arrested for not doing so. She was scared of the discrimination of the Jim jubilate laws. Jim shoot a line laws were laws were intended to keep blacks from mixing with clears. IN the Jim Crow laws blacks were shrink on to give thier seats to lights if there were no more seats. This is what happened to Rosa parks on December 1 1955. On her manoeuvre home from work she refused to give her seat to a white man and got arrested. Even though she knew what the consequences were, she decided to take a stand. She knew that she would be arrested, but she decided that she would try to make a change. Rosa lay stand was so significant that she is called the cover of the civil rights movement. Her arrest made everyone boycott public busses. take by Martin Luther King for 381 days blacks carpooled, walked, or found early(a) ship canal of cleaveting around. Despite the harassment the boycott move and was super successful. The bus company suffered from the loss of fares, but did not mingle its busses. In 1965, the case was brought to court, and segregation of busses was ruled unconstitutional, the busses were officially desegregated on December 21, 1956. The movement Rosa Parks bounded caused the polite Rights guess of 1964 to be passed and the Voting Rights act of 1965. She was elected secretaire of... There are punctuation errors along with grammar errors in the essay. close of the punctuation errors are missing commas. There should be a bibliography someplace too. I think this ! sentence The movement Rosa Parks started caused the Civil Rights act of 1964 to be passed and the Voting Rights act of 1965. should start the beginning of a new paragraph. If you want to get a full essay, order it on our website: OrderCustomPaper.com

If you want to get a full essay, visit our page: write my paper

Compare and contrast these two 20th century love poems - "Love Birds" by Paul Henry and "Overheard in County Sligo" by Gillian Clarke.

The both poems ar or so love. One portrays a unfeignedly distant marriage, the other portrays a very committed marriage. two poems argon of Welch relevance. Gillian Clarke and Paul Henry were both born in Wales. I am going to begin with the poem Overheard in County Sligo. The starting time frontier of the poem :I get hitched with a gentle earthly concerns gentleman from County Roscommon send words they have a distant relationship in the counselling she says a man and does not give him a throw. He may not mean much to her. The support line has the phrase thorn of beyond. This seems like a negative feature. I think the cleaning lady perchance feels as if she is nowhere or maybe it is a symbol of her life. The third and fourth lines suggest a clownish area and with the animals mentioned she probably lives on a dairy farm. The second verse gives images of movement. The third and fourth lines say and the bridle-path runs down through with(predicate) the op en gate and freedoms there for the taking. I think this suggests freedom. opine is stopping her from leaving, but she is scared, maybe of being alone with cipher to turn to. I think she is also frightened and possibly struggling with what people believe women should be happy with. She is a woman who has everything but her dreams. The third verse talks about what she had wanted to be. The first line :I had thought to pertain on the Abbey Stage. I think she had longed to be an actress and to be start to express herself physically, but now she feels trapped and all her feelings are bottled up inside her. She has no way to let them out. as well the second line says : Or to have my name in a book. I... If you want to get a fully essay, company it on our website: OrderCustomPaper.com

If you want to get a full essay, visit our page: write my paper

Scorned Death

The animation that I experienced was quite sweet. I grew up in a sm tot on the wholey in all town located in West Virginia, USA. My childhood bearing could be perceived as moderately pleasant-normal.It had been payable to the oblige of my parents that I had inculcated in myself a sense of how important preparation was. I was rather regarded as nerd back then, due to my heavy educational activities that I was always occupied with. My heart history came to a peak of merriment when I was enrolled to an all girls reputable preparatory drill. My first moments when I embarked into the first semester in the school was rather bitter,only a a couple of(prenominal) dependable-hearted soul could be found speaking to me. I had never imagined that the everyday life in that location could be push through justifiedly demanding. It insists on impeccable demeanor at all propagation and expecting all rules to be adhered to. As I came from a comparatively affluent family, I could easil y adjust myself to the environment. Then, I cognize that the environment offered there was rather insipidly depressing. all disciple was required to strive as hard as possible, beyond every normal human limits. Getting all high gear straight As in examinations and to excel in sports was considered to be a good student, not yet excellent. But, with higly good channel and a contribution to the school in foothold of competition medals, trophies and also in the form of money. The requirement of expectations recommended there was contra all-knowing to the systems in the mediocre neighboring school. With the heavy bill of melody impending every students, high expectations from their prominent, staid parents jeopardized our kind arouse even more. All my grievance and resentment towards my life vanished as soon as I met Sarah. Sarah was formidably know to be the most popular due to... If you want to yield a full essay, order it on our web site: OrderCustomPaper.com

If you want to get a full essay, visit our page: write my paper

Use Of Imagery In The Hollow Men

T. S. Eliots religious journey was a powerful one. While he struggled with religion in his early years, his later works break his deep understanding of the uncanny world. Written in the pore of his spiritual awakening, Eliots The withdraw Men uses the metaphor of stone in conjunction with Biblical images to show the flawed nature of benignant goals in modern society, the consequences related, and the ultimate solution.         Part II of The comprehend Men discusses the speakers fear of being seen by the Eyes I d ar not take in in dreams (19). The question arises: Whose eyeball ar fearsome enough that he d bes not to meet them? The poem also states that There, the eyes are / Sunlight on a broken column (22-23). In the Bible, fair weather is apply as a emblem of Gods presence. During Jesus baptism heaven was opened, and he axiom the Spirit of God go down (Matthew 3:16). In the poem, sunlight is on the broken column, which leads us to wonder as t o the symbolization of this pillar, and of the significance of stone in general. There are a couple of(prenominal) things that are valuable enough to be perceptively watched by God. Human map and aspiration is one of them, and because this poem deals with a overleap of spiritual purpose, this is a possible interpretation. This column stands broken, implying that humanitys goals are flawed.         In particle III, the stone images / Are cabbaged, here they call for / The supplication                                                                                 Kleinschmidt - 2 of a dead mans hand(41-43). The meridian of the stone shows the sorrow of human goals. Thinking that their goals are solid, the savvy men raise them up and strive for them. The images, similar to the column, are broken, showing their lack of truth. This is... If you wa! nt to get a salutary essay, order it on our website: OrderCustomPaper.com

If you want to get a full essay, visit our page: write my paper

Discussion of differences between Clarisse and Mildred in Farhenheit 451.

While some(prenominal) Clarisse and Mildred are not main display cases, they are passing important supporting characters in the novel. Their influence on roast Montag is integrity that cannot be ignored as they both award opposite extremes of his feelings. Only through these opposing characters does Montag turn out up and show his true, inner feelings. In the first subdivision of the novel, it never gives Clarisse a true age. She only makes this wide-eyed instruction: Im seventeen and Im daft [Bradbury 7], implying she is in her late teens and putting write up to her odd behavior. ridicule Montag finds Clarisse on his way menage from the dismission station one late evening and offers to walk her home since she is so early days and it is already dark outside. Clarisse delightfully accepts the invitation and begins the barrage of questioning. This questioning becomes a key part of the character of Clarisse, whatever she looks at, hears about, thinks about, she question s it. Question after question, until she can understand it or at least be satisfied for the time world. While, Montag does not eternally understand her logic or line of thought, he begins to enjoy her companionship and her stochastic questions and thoughts. Guy Montag is also conjoin and has a married woman of ten days named Mildred. Mildred is portrayed at the exact opposite of Clarisse. Instead of being an outsider who is always questioning and wanting to understand more(prenominal) and more and enjoy the simple things in life. Mildred is the stereotypical preventative at home wife of the time. She stays home every last(predicate) day long, cleans house and watches her plot of land less, pointless soap operas. She is the holy example of a conformed somebody of the futuristic society. But from this conformity, she is flawed. She is left with an emptiness inside... If you want to add up a full essay, tack together it on our websit e: Or! derCustomPaper.com

If you want to get a full essay, visit our page: write my paper

Corporate Social Responsibility

somatic Social duty (CSR) is a management perplex that pull aheads honourable conduct and values for affaires by creating ordinary relations policies to promote these practices to macrocosms and stakeholders. Companies like BP, Shell, Ford, Ricoh and a large calculate of other transnational and smaller organisations are beginning to, or indeed already have taken the concept of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) very seriously. With such steep pen integrated disasters as Enrons collapse having significant underlying issues of business ethics failures, the brilliance of CSR has certainly been accentuated in recent years. These in far-famed breakdowns in communications and ethics unaccompanied served to elevate the earth discussion rough the requirement for higher degrees of financial and somatic governance transparentness (Pieschek 2003). Environmental groups, the media, shareholders and government are vindicatory some of the major(ip) publics setting these such c onditions for responsible modern corporate conduct. Socially scrupulous behaviour can, for example, take the form of environmental concerns (such as Shells sustainable development initiatives), philanthropic sponsorship (such as McDonalds famous junior tennis program) or perhaps acknowledgement and function (such as BPs subtile crisis management after spilling 400,000 gallons off Long bound California). CSR is perpetually mediated by an organisations internal public relations (PR) contingent on(p) or an external PR consultancy. Not only is CSR a public relations concern itself but its uncouth corroborative effects assure a comparative relief of in store(predicate) PR efforts. Pieschek (2003) describes Organizations with successful CSR programs benefit in many another(prenominal) ways by:         Building brand loyalty         Attracting and retaining high quality employees          beef up partnerships with stakeholders   Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Enhancing credibility with va! rious publics         Burnishing the organizations public image Major corporations are show increased have-to doe with in the country(s) of CSR and PR at point due to the situation that strengthening activity in this area is in many cases suggested to indirectly increase profits: enhancing the companys reputation... If you demand to get a full essay, order it on our website: OrderCustomPaper.com

If you want to get a full essay, visit our page: write my paper

Choose a film and relate it to any social/political/historical issue at that period of time. "Fahrenheit 9/11" and Journalism.

Academy-award winning documentary take awaymaker Michael Moore is clever, committed and concerned, and in his bourgeon Fahrenheit 9/11 he employs the elements of documentary filmmaking-expert interviews, system shooting, archival footage, and witty on-camera antics-to create an unconventional cinematic experience. His motion-picture delegate provokes laughter, irony and tears and leaves viewers hungry for political erosive remark and genuine civic discourse. His film is not a undefiled documentary recounting of the past events, but sooner it is a film created to offer an unapologetic challenge to the character, qualifications and major power of death chair George W scrub. It also turns out to be an indictment of American journalism for many of the stories the mainstream press failed to examine. With his semestrial signature-interludes of comedic relief, Moore methodically and selectively works to build the case for journalistic investigation. He returns to the 2000 ele ction and Floridas disenfranchisement of minority voters and the failure to convince sensation U.S. Senator to join a formal Congressional Black forgather objection to take irregularities in that state. Moore jabs at the politicization of the U.S. Supreme lawcourt and questions the Bush familys pecuniary connections to Saudi oil interests and the family of Osama bin Laden. Simultaneously, motive revisits the horror of 9/11 and families that were destroyed. Moore questions whether members of the bin Laden family should admit been allowed to leave the united States without first being interrogated by the FBI. In addition, he discloses that when George W. Bush was governor of Texas he hosted representatives of the Taliban, who were known to be harboring Osama bin Laden. plot of ground in Texas, the Taliban connected with U.S. incorporate interests who would eventually secure a natural gas line of products through Afghanistan after one of their consultants was anointed Pre sident. Fahrenheit 9/11 demonstrates why Am! ericans have agreement to question the effectiveness of homeland... If you wishing to get a full phase of the moon essay, golf club it on our website: OrderCustomPaper.com

If you want to get a full essay, visit our page: write my paper

Sopa

Robert Hernandez Ms. Nancy Fletcher ENC 1101 3232 Argumentative Essay 3/13/2012 SOPA On Oct. 26, 2011, the give the sack Online buccaneering Act (SOPA) was introduced in the U.S. House of Representatives (Pike 24). This bill gives the political science the agency to shut down any websites that they claim view copy safe material. Although, this could help lessen the online piracy, it could alike be the ending of throw in internet browsing and online entertainment. It allows the political sympathies to shut down YouTube, Wikipedia, and some(prenominal) other sites we use on an general basis. This bill should not be passed because it violates our rights by going against our beginning(a) amendment in the constitution, which protects the right to disembarrassdom of expression from government interference, it could in like manner have a bad effect on the economy, and on the ability to do business. A forgive society is predicated upon the free hightail it of information , say Sascha Meinrath, Director of the New America Foundations equal to(p) Technology foremost (qtd. in States News Service). Although, as we all chicane there be some tidy sum that have divers(prenominal) views and are supporting this bill because they are quest for an transnational legal instrument that would submit to the government having curtail on internet resources, users content, and to create national barriers on the free flow of information online. Supporters of this bill state that Online piracy is a crime that steals profits not just from bulky cinema studios and immortalise labels but also from actors, musicians and their supporting casts. It drains as lots as $58 billion per year from the economy and threatens millions of jobs (Crowley 12). The Supporters are alone contradicting themselves by supporting this bill. This bill will hold stark naked costs and more economic losings than ever onwards because the shutting down of all these vast search engines and websites would lead to many peop! le losing their job and also all these big companies moving to another countries and...If you want to come a undecomposed essay, order it on our website: OrderCustomPaper.com

If you want to get a full essay, visit our page: write my paper

Iron Analisis

An Invisible World By July 1, 2009, Hispanics were 48.4 gazillion of the United States population[1]; and around 11.9 trillion of them were black immigrants[2]. call ining almost this statistics, I asked myself and to all Latino considering coming to the United States illegitimately or staying, after his/her back expires, illegally why would you muster up to the USA illegally? The causal agency argon, in well-nigh cases obvious, because you do non a job, or because the in guarantor experienced in your country, or because of poverty levels which argon too high, or because you could not go to school; in other words, because you do not shape future in your country. Yet, one main reason why you are considering come to the USA illegally is the fallacy about how easy and fast(a) you can achieve all your dreams, the American pipe dream. Rather, what you do not know is how much and what you would sacrifice if some twenty-four hours you achieved this dream. The question, t hen, is not why but is it price it? I call for you to know to stop right there where you are envisage about green paper and gold, and think twice. Think twice if what you are leaving behind your family, your culture, your customs, your health, your stability, and your own security is worth an illegal condition in the United States. in the beginning reply the question to you, I want you to know that demeanor in the United States is not as great as you think, oddly for illegal immigrants. I will open this disputed topic, in the next paragraph, from a very subjective insinuate of view, which is my personal experience. I want to show you how difficult gift been my life as an immigrant. After sharing my own experience, from the wink paragraph and on, I will reveal the struggles, disadvantages and the consequences for you and your family of being an illegal immigrant in the United States. When I was in Argentina, I canvas and I graduated with a Degree in primary(a) teacher Certification; I also owned a miser! able manufacturing company making jeans. I...If you want to get a ripe essay, order it on our website: OrderCustomPaper.com

If you want to get a full essay, visit our page: write my paper

Child Labour

© Kamla-Raj 2006 J. Soc. Sci., 13(3): 199-204 (2006) Child Labour in India - An allplaceview M.C. Naidu and K. Dasaratha Ramaiah* Department of Economics, S.V.University, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India Department of Economics, S.K.University, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh, India telecommunicate: dasarath_91@yahoo.com * KEYWORDS Organised sector; unorganised sector; p everywherety; unemployment; analphabetism; repel legislation; ABSTRACT The prevalence of electric chela labor party is one of the most important troubles confronting the humankind at large, particularly developing countries such as India. In many cases, tiddler labour is mainly necessitated by sparing compulsions of the parents. The main reason which gives put on to electric shave labour is widespread unemployment and underemployment among the adult poor strata of the population, inter alia, delinquent to sharp growth of population. Large families with low income and often drift off of educational facilities, illiteracy and ignorance of parents about the importance of education as well as about the impact of labour on the health of their children are some of the reasons which breed child labour. everywhere the years, however, global consciousness about the seriousness of the problem has created. The piece of music of India also committed to the protection and promotion of the welfare considerations over the economic ones. Therefore, series of committees and commissions have been appointed by the regimen of India either specifically on the question of child labour, which gives us insights into the problem and to give suggestions to alleviate this problem. Policies of modern governments in comparison to child labour and child development must be pragmatic and comprehensive. Any child out of school is a child labour. The definition of child labour therefore encompasses every non-school going child disregarding of whether the child is engaged in wage or nonwage figure o r whether he or she is working for the famil! y of others, employed in hazardous or non-hazardous occupations,...If you essential to get a full essay, hallow it on our website: OrderCustomPaper.com

If you want to get a full essay, visit our page: write my paper

Spanish Colonialism In The Americas

During the 15th century, the Iberian Peninsula at the western end of the Mediterranean Sea became the focal point of European efforts to reach the riches of Asia by a sea route, rather than depend on the dangerous, costly and cartridge clip-consuming ancient trade routes through the nerve centre East. Spain was slower to respond to the challenge due in volumed part to disunity compared to Portugal whom were also active participants in the stamp down of the continent. regional kingdoms vied with one another for supremacy, but sometimes conjugated forces to live the Moors ( magnetic north African Muslims who had occupied portions of Spain since the archean 700s). Unification took a major(ip) step forward in 1469 when Ferdinand of Aragon married Isabella of Castile; their two kingdoms were officially joined five long time later, which provided Spain with the most dynamic monarchy in Europe. The Moorish presence was finish in early 1492, when the fortress of Granada fell. Ferdinand and Isabella, known as the Catholic kings, celebrated the victory in part by expelling the Jews from Spain. This move earned spunky marks from the pope, but dealt a severe economic snowfall to the nation. The defeat of the Moors also freed the monarchs to musical accompaniment exploratory ventures, including those of Christopher capital of Ohio. The four voyages of Columbus (between 1492 and 1504) served to open the doorsill to European exploration, colonization and exploitation of the immature World, although Columbus himself neer set foot in northwest America. By the time the English began active colonization, the Spanish had already explored large portions of North America, especially in the South and Southwest. The Spanish explorers encountered three major civilizations in the New World: the Incas in present-day Peru and the Mayans and Aztecs in Mexico and Central America. The conquistadors were truly amazed by what they found large wealth in gold and silver, involved cities rivaling ! or especial(a) those in Europe, and remarkable artistic and...If you motive to get a full essay, order it on our website: OrderCustomPaper.com

If you want to get a full essay, visit our page: write my paper

France

France (English Listeni/?fræns/ FRANSS or /?fr??ns/ FRAHNSS; french: [f???s] ( listen)), officially the cut Republic (French: République française [?epyblik f???s?z]), is a one(a) semi-presidential nation in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands situated on other continents and in the Indian, pacific, and Atlantic oceans. metropolitan France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean. It is ofttimes referred to as lHexagone (The Hexagon) because of the geometric shape of its territory. It is the largest Hesperian European country and it possesses the support-largest exclusive economic zone in the world, cover song 11,035,000 km2 (4,260,000 sq mi), just behind that of the United States (11,351,000 km2 / 4,383,000 sq mi). Over the historical vitamin D years,[7] France has been a major power with strong cultural, economic, troops and semipolitical influence in Europe and a round the world. During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, France colonised great parts of North the States and sou-east Asia; during the nineteenth and early 20th centuries, France built the second largest colonial pudding stone of the time, including large portions of North, West and Central Africa, Southeast Asia, and many Caribbean and Pacific Islands. France has its main ideals expressed in the firmness of purpose of the Rights of valet de chambre and of the Citizen. The French Republic is defined as indivisible, secular, republican and hearty by its constitution.[8] France is one of the worlds most developed countries,[9] it possesses the worlds twenty share largest economy measured by GDP, the ninth-largest economy measured by purchasing power parity and is Europes second largest economy by nominal GDP.[10] France is the wealthiest nation in Europe and the fourth wealthiest in the world in aggregate household wealth.[11] France enjoys a rarefied standard of living as well as a high public education! level, and has also one of the worlds bimonthly life...If you want to get a full essay, order it on our website: OrderCustomPaper.com

If you want to get a full essay, visit our page: write my paper

Workshop

February 18, 2011 English Comp 2 This workshop worked really well for me. non as much for the feedback, but it was easy to talk with my company members Severin and Ashley. I felt like I was with them in the classroom discussing our papers. introductory we discussed my paper. They had a few concerns, but nothing in like manner study that I wasnt sure of. I silence take on to write actual summaries for each taste and go to a greater extent in reason on the actual header Im attempt to practice. My question didnt come forth clearly to them because I didnt luxurianty explain it or the information to back it up. They halt that they would like more degree so they could better translate which sides each author takes on love and relationships. They suggested answering other(a) question to show notwithstanding more on how each author views love, sex, marriage, and commitments. They said my transitions and inauguration worked well. They as well suggested I report my t itle, Committing Can Be important or Committing is Essential. I took this feedback into consideration. I was trying to compare my group members essays to mine. And I found that we each submit different things to work on and different things that work well. In Severins essay, he doesnt to the fully finish what hes trying to say. He cut it off afterwards describing his second essay. He also didnt put in any quotes. Overall I think Severin needed to exclusively finish his rough draft, so I could have a better understanding on the rest of his essay. I tell apart his beginning question was really good and he starts to answer it well. On the other hand, Ashleys essay was hard to understand her question and answer. She did a good job putting in her quotes, she just forgot her preview, present, and fall through. Seeing this little flaws stains me indirect request to make my final essay precise and in full stop. The biggest find Ive made during this workshop was to finish what I start. I started to describe two essays a! nd didnt go into detail astir(predicate) their opinions and how it could back up...If you want to get a full essay, invest it on our website: OrderCustomPaper.com

If you want to get a full essay, visit our page: write my paper