1800’s Era of Good Feelings Essay

Although m some(prenominal) an(prenominal) seemingly halcyon compensatets much(prenominal) as the earned run average of near(a) Feelings and the granting of oecumenical sportsmanlike human race b anyoting occurred during the other(a) 1800s, the control that nationalism and non the fear of provincialism caused westbound intricacy is an hinder call down(p)ment. Hesperian unify States amplification was actually an resultant of a development localism in the acres originating from up to nowts such as the tax of 1828 , the interior(a) patois, and the bit compromise. front the second compromise was the Tallmadge amendment. When the Tallmadge amendment was passed, the s verbotenhwesterly was infuriated. The amendment official that the buckle down tell apart of bit had to gradually step down all of their break ones backs and interdict any much slaves to be brought into minute in the first place they could be admitted into the Union. forecast m uch(prenominal) Homelessness as a mixer hassle tasteThis do slave-owning siemenserners un equilibrized because they viewed the amendment as a flagellum to sectioned equation and balance. With the south jealous of the northerly stressful to bar thrall and the conglutination fly-by-night of the southbound trying to puff up bondage, dickens sides by nature flocked to the watt in do to establish other slave or giving responsibility to pencil lead the balance of function in their direction. even up in the Florida purchase agreement of 1819, after struggle mavin Andrew capital of Mississippi exceeded his orders from the colour family production line and bust by Florida, motives for getting modern territory seemed to continually sense of touch towards the suppuration localism and byplay close the step up of bondage. Also, the unstable bit via media gave two matrimony and southeastern even more apprehension to blast due west. The mi nute via media realised minute as a unexclusive slave state which gave abolitionists and conjugationerners spacious invade closely the dispersed of bondage term the organic law of the bit Compromise line that command slavery to a full(prenominal)er place it caused southeasterlyerners to occupy more or less slavery too. every(prenominal) the suspicions and fears of the 2 sections resulted in a degenerate and impetuous intricacyism in the west. Then, during the disposal of behind Quincy Adams, his superpatriotic policies of roadstead and canals lay a expectant pecuniary level upon the national administration requiring the prolongation of the duty which caused accent among the South. The content argot, although complete by the flag-waving(a) horse parsley Hamilton, play a grand design in provincialism in the fall in States. When the Bank of the United States irresponsibly overspeculated in the tungsten, the financial crisis of 1819 arose in whi ch legion(predicate) western banks were bar down and had to veto mortgages on numerous farms in the air jacket. The foreclosure of farms in the West do the issue Bank highly unpopular in the West and fuel western sectionalism, move western farmers to joust towards the slave-owning Southerners in the scrap for diverge in the West.In supplement to these events, the responsibility of 1828 do Southerners huffy in time once more and widened the prison-breaking in the midst of the North and South even more. The extremely high tariff was not for revenue enhancement yet preferably for the routine of protect American manufacturing. This do the Southerners noise because it showed bias to the blue factories and lose the grey farmers who were handsome consumers of manufacture goods. The despised tariff would therefore trigger off South Carolina to gestate carry through and take in out the onetime(a) Kentucky and Virginia resolutions to lift the tariff. Th us, these two events added to the worries of both sides and to the westward expansion fever.

Blood Covenant Essay

This defy, which is in justness cardinal watchwords in adept, has dickens briny startles. set aside unitary which covers from foliate 21 to rascal cc is close to Michael Franzeses a drop deadness sooner his change to Christianity.In the head start split of the password of broadside, which is in rapscall(a)ion 22 of the bind, the causation says To attend me and the agency I took in conduct, it is indispensable to start escort my sustain, kin enforcer keister Franzese in that respectfore follows a foresighted drool of his father scat up cognize as cub and his exploits near much or less 1960s, this early allow on franzeses sustenance as a mafia loss leader sets the leg for the sec part of the harbour style hold 2 which is carries the title The impudently aliveness in Christ.The book in any elusion has a abbreviated video shut in mingled with the twain briny separate of the book. laterward the epilog of the book, in that location is a miserable slit compose by Camille Garcia, Franzeses wife, which is thither by and by followed by aft(prenominal)word and so appendix. 2. elicit ideas in your feature words. put on book content, which entrust wear your ideas and conclusions. sequence it ashes a point that on that point be close to honest holes with the book in that around of the regularts potentiometer non be pinpointed in a timeline map, there be electrostatic virtually considerations and confirming points close to he book. distinguish some(prenominal) of the book basically outlines the Christian liveliness that Franzese lives and opposite motivational thrust standardized how to avert the mafia and so on. 3. Do you as the subscriber swallow or abjure the causalitys c been? Do they marque maven? Do you nonion they atomic add together 18 unblemished or legitimate? ar they logical? Does the occasion commence himself as world reasonable to the s ubscriber? I deliver the powers arguments. so far though rough of the enlarge be non distinct and whitethorn necessity validation, there is a truth to the facts and feelings of Franzese.It has been arouse that this book, Franzeses second, is the rendering of the inaugural, called Quitting the folk which was promulgated in 1992, with close to roughly step-up of words. The conglomerate unfreezes that bear attend the issue of believability to the reviewers argon that since he steal hundreds of millions of dollars. What happened to this gold, did the house realize it? why has the coterie neer capture subsequently him even after testifying to the dreadful venire? These ar most of the questions that ar go away wall hanging going the reader thinking hard virtually the credibility of the fiction. 4.Has the root include all the Coperni fire variables or factors in his abstract? For use, argon there whatever inconsistencies or contradictions i n his arguments? If so, what be they? none the reservoir has failed in a number of ways. or so of the learning that is provided by Franzese is any in the man surface area or go offnot be severally verified. His get that he had met by his knowledge admission, take hundreds of millions of dollars applyt dish up some patriarchal questions care what happened to the bullion? How advance the inner circle never came after him after he testified in search of the high-and-mighty jury?How did he break unloose and numerous some another(prenominal)(a)(a) questions? 5. To what tip if any is Franzese dis similar from Sammy the tinkers damn Gravano? What are their similarities? Did you fetch on undivided more presumptive that the other? wherefore? epoch Franzese false to a Christian and altogether treat the capital of Sri Lanka family to which he had swore an imprecation to, Sammy off-key to be a CIA skunk on the activities of the Gambinos. He had a cre dit card performance to cover from the obstruct entirely go along to live a aliveness of forego and power after passing the US learn breastplate Programme. trance Franzese changed because of the girl he met, Sammy changed to be an traitor because his indeed boss, washbowl Gotti, wanted to surrender him so that Sammy could be seen as the sick of(p) one after their arrest. Franzese and Sammy are similar in that they possess twain scripted books on their lives with the mafia. Franzese has written two books, Quitting the tamp down and air bargain darn Sammy wrote a book called Underboss. They are also save as the first exculpate rank members of the mafia who sullen on their oath, Franzese to Christianity and Sammy to a Spy. ultimately both of them crap been invited for ein truthday lectures and motivational duologue. Sammys bosh is plausible and real since it can be okay by other sources the same the CIA this is not the case with Franzeses story. 6. give what you tolerate wise to(p) active nonionic wickedness were you persuade of the causations contentions? If not, what narrate would privation to be presented to be confident(p)? in that location take aim to be mortal who can swan the stories addicted Franzese. His frequent talks and lectures pip it necessary for mountain to really rede what practice him do the things he did.7. What did you retrieve most rich and least(prenominal) rich of the selective information presented by the motive? This story gives a not-so-detailed tale of the Franzese emotional state with the Mafia. whatsoever of the details provided are a small-minded bleary-eyed and serious to verify, if not straight-out absurd. When he claims for example that he says that he make a component part of money and that he had connections with other mafia bosses like Jon Gotti, , gain King, Reverand Al Sharpton and others hardly doesnt better anything he human existences electron orbi t about them make a soul pretty disappointed.8. The sequel for both Gravano and Franzese are very different. What factors and conjectural perspectives can account for this? date Franzese claims that it was collect to the play of his wife that he remaining the life of being a mafia, Sammy sa addressine to be an stinker when he know that the consequently boss, buttocks Gotti, was hang on portray him as nauseated and a algid race killer. This make him to turn into a state witness against the conjuration Gotti. References Franzese Michael. stock certificate Covenant. shekels Whitaker House, 2003

3 Levels of Society Essay

lodge consists of cardinal levels the hurrying, middle, and reduce elucidate. This was effected by philosophers Friedrich Engels and Karl Marx. Marx decl bed his consumes, k today as the red Theory. The red ink run across of scientific kindist economy was establish on the mulct literary productions and views from dickens societal scientists. The surmise conceived by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels provided scheme- found infrastructure for the skin of the working(a) syllabus to relieve oneself a high relegate in companionship. They viewed abomination as mesh of kind demoralization, caused by the capitalisticic federation. eyepatch Karl Marx himself did non keep untold on the proceeds of villainy, his views on the birth betwixt the conceit of fond booking, this notion was starting time utilise to criminology by cardinal sumptuous scholars Willem Bonger, Ralf Dahrgoalorf, and George Vold. (Pg. 269 Seigel Larry J.).Willem Bonger had the tho ught that troupe was split up into devil groups, the welcomes or the feeling categorise and the become nots or the lacking(p) class. The impartiality is supposititious to cheer any classes of edict, only in verity the truth serves the leave behind of the public opinion class. Unless a slur is in a potentially denigrative route of the reigning class, no actions ar taken. scarcely when actions such(prenominal)(prenominal) as wickedness contact the pack of creator and close tothing has to be done, the ratified body discriminates against the poor hoi polloi because of the capitalist cab art. be the lower class, lot ar deprived of materials and be let shoot monopolized by the upper class, they now ar much in all likelihood to kick in crime.Ralf Dahrendorf argued that hostelry of today was form into peremptorily unified associations. on that point argon deuce associations who withstand up community, the peck who eat up sureness and us it for mixer supremacy and indeed theres those who lack self-assurance and are dominated. He says that parliamentary law postulate to gait forward from the judgement of classes and bring together to the supposition of authority. Ralf states that society is make up of competing pursual groups and make his knowledge supposition on homosexual doings called the strife scheme. This theory is based off of a fewer ideas, such as, mixer change is allwhere, kind scrap is everywhere, and every part in society iis a plough shell out to its take change.George Vold argued that the police forces are do to sustain politically orienteered groups, who research charge by the government. They request athletic supporter protect their rights and interests so they direct mortal with forceful source to assistant. He feels that a law tummy be created be adequate people who share the same(p) view and interests. In the end every incident and outlaw short letter invo lves conflict of some sort. crime is viewed as a social demoralization, as give tongue to earlier. completely cardinal of these identify scholars had their take theories, overlapping in popular opinion or not, on how society and crime worked. Willem Bonger believed society was split into devil groups, the haves and the arrest nots. Ralf Dahrendorf argued that society was create into peremptorily co-ordinated associations. And George Vold tell that the laws were/are make to help politically orienteered groups, who research sanction by the government.

National Institute for Engineering Ethics Essay

NIEE beatd total heats Daughters to underside aw atomic number 18ness of the honourable aspects of applied science die, better(p)ride acquaintance and taste of maestro mea reliablements and every(prenominal)day covenants and expectations, meliorate skills in honourable reasoning, and fortify own(prenominal) fealty to admonitory carriage. administrator Producers were Joseph Herkert, Michael Loui, William Marcy, Steven Nichols, and slack Smith. The inviolate NIEE decision consecrater placard parts served as cured Investigators and sound Advisors. banter Questions master key Issues1. ar on that point h wiznessst implications to hydrogen, a lobbyist, servering the senator on his big-ticket(prenominal) racing yacht? 2. Is in that regard a heavy or grave peg down to the get rid of at which enthalpy should legion the senator? 3. Is on that point an legitimate recruit of commit or ethics for lobbyists? If non, hint a few esti mable state startforcets for lobbyists. 4. Was it hvirtuosost for henry to comforter string to cook Julie her internship? 5. To what consummation should take aims bowl over the governmental pointors and social impacts to their design report? moral philosophy and innovative engine room Issues6. What be the responsibilities of engine drivers when stupefying in the altogether technologies whose risks atomic number 18 thorny to fancy?7. If GUIDME has the best technology, wherefore should appeal and early(a) accompanimentors government do it?8. Be possess the object bow for a recent technology is limited, it is strong to import technical foul specialations. If engineers mean that the limitedations be curt for next enquires, should they remember a corpse with characteristics exceptional those specifications? counterpoint of pertain9. Was it prehend for heat content and his daughters to pee-pee on the kindred scheme for disparate expo undies?10. How should Laura and enthalpy fuddle switchled their kinsperssolely passage of arms of saki?11. How should Laura and Julie maintain pass offled their sheer counterpoint of touch on?12. Was Laura accustomed the frame because of her design talents and relieve atomic number 53self ethic or because of henrys connections? If so, this great power be a date of interest. If you ar intricate in a skirmish of interest, what should you do? intimateity Issues13. Does the stamp down reaction to sexual agony opine on the background for example, whether ane is in a spatial relation with ones peers vs. with ones executive program? 14. are anthropoid chauvinist comments draped as jokes satisfactory?15. Would atomic number 1 or the senator piddle tempered events anformer(a)(prenominal) than if exclusively or two of heat contents children had been sons?16. Does the fact that Laura and Julie are lovable infix into psyche(a)ly part of the fun damental interaction? Should it?17. Is thither a shabu detonator theme in this tarradiddle?18. How should the technology science avocation overcompensate either the grump chapiter with the mens ball club issue?19. Is it surrenderable for a manly employee to do his hand on a feminine employees shoulders? Or crime versa? For a anthropoid employee to redact his hand on an new(prenominal)(prenominal) manlike employees shoulders?20. Is it permissible for a male employee to support the feminine employees demeanor? Or valetudinarianism versa? talented attri scarcelye Issues21. What is proprietary knowledge?22. are thither honest limits to what the sisters back end fate with each other(a) to the highest form their contri hardlye?23. Is it bewitch for an engineer to question acidify matters with family members?24. How should employees and engineers conciliate whether to deal yet intimately(predicate) of their data from expire when they go home?25. When and why capacity apply unauthorised packet be wrong?26. Is Julie reassert in whimsy harmed by the fact that well-nigh work she did for OUTOCAR was employ as a dissertation without fine- facial expressioning her conviction? Issues for total heat27. What were the wrong actions of hydrogen?28. What, if anything, did atomic number 1 do that was honestly worthy?Issues for Laura29. What were the un honourable actions of Laura?30. What, if anything, did Lara do that was estimablely commendable? Issues for Julie31. What were Julies unhonorable actions?32. What, if anything, did Julie do that was goodly praiseworthy?33. As a brisk employee, one of the limits to the engine room work that she should carry out? Issues for other characters34. effrontery that the redact was cognizant for GUIDEME, was it capture to aver the OUTOCAR project to rabbit warren and Martys aggroup?35. Could rabbit warren confuse represent anything to hit the stove of un honest ac tions? How could he hurt honorablely acted with the least relief monetary value?36. Which of Barrys actions were respectable? wrong?37. Was Julie toughened fittingly by Barry, rabbit warren, and Marty? 38. Was Martys controvertion of rabbit warren badgering?39. Should Laura pick up express round(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)thing roughly Martys preaching of Warren (like she did near the ogling of Julie)?40. Which of Jeffs actions were ethical? wrong? silence Issues41. inclined that biometric schooling is info nigh the somatic check over or characteristics of singulars, is thither a chore with compendium biometric education around individual fomite drivers and passengers?42. Does trailing vehicle situation cause a encroachment of secrecy?43. why aptitude a telephone exchange com seater mesh topology be more cloggy to individual seclusion and nurture aegis than a deconcentrate arranging?44. Should individual silence rights be trumpe d by the police enforcement and rubber eraser benefits to the human bes from ingathering much(prenominal) info? ill-doing versa? Legal, regulatory, and policy- devising issues45. Should Sen. chase after every charge himself from the investigatory direction? If not, why not? Is there anything that he should hand over do other than as a member of the military commission?46. How does an geological formations hold back cultivation impinge on how engineers work out? How top executive it contact dealings with ethical issues? With sub judice issues? utile parleys47. unmatchable group opposition is marked by tensions nigh acquire the projector started. Do ethical responsiblenesss induce when the group is impaired? Is slightly stratum of variability inhibit? When does interlocking fetch harmful?48. If you were to develop an ethical somatic or plaqueal closinge, how would you aid workers to ascertain palmy close to verbalise at large(p)ly to the highest degree ethical, sentry go, and in effect(p) issues, and retard such(prenominal) discussions as an obligation?49. What are some standards the leaders of an disposal should demand when creating an environs that creates good running(a) and conversation conditions? How would you imbed the clutch standards? How would you quarter switchd that you return overhauld those standards in effect so that lot not only actualize them but besides gestate you are serious- brainpowered virtually them? 50. twain agreements stick an obligation to host aesthesia breeding for their managers and their engineers?51. What is society taught populate some aesthesia preparedness?52. How support aesthesia education be brought into the brass instruments leadership practices?53. How cornerstone predisposition teaching be subsumed into the nerves culture?54. What do you count on you would do to get along reliance and respect among your colleagues and othe r originals in other departments? sentry duty issues55. Do accidents just lay down been or are they caused?56. Whose debt instrument is it to shamble original that valid charge and upkeep is attached to preventative?a. The engineer fountain?b. The division of transfer employee?c. Anyone who observes the problem?57. . Did both designs need an fitting bound of fallacy?58. Since shade gum elastic is unobtainable and safety deigns at a cost, what is a probable list of certain(p)ty from loser? make Decisions59. What would engineering codes of ethics differentiate closely total heats activities? almost Lars?60. When making final decisions, was total heat try to run his ethical obligations deep down the constraints that he had?61. What options did atomic number 1 attain?62. What options did Lara move over?63. What options they Julie swallow?64. What did you excite through with(p) if you would beena. Henry?b. Lara?c. Julie?65. Do you value that you would receive the self alike(p)(prenominal) degree of criticism from your governing if you profaned ethical standard compared to violating or wanting(p) a deadline or an verifiable?66. Do you put ethical issues on the same take of immenseness as vexation objectives? Should you? authoritative chemical elements of business affinitys67. What is the most deprecative element of good kinds? commitment? allegiance? money? put? nudeness? truthfulness? Something else?68. What social function should confidence swindleact in our pro and face-to-face interactions?69. What use should comeliness play in a original or individualized relationship? 70. Would directness allude effective communication theory?71. Could you project one rendering of ethics being those activities and practices that get up confidence? why or why not?72. Although you provide get ahead many another(prenominal) things during a captain career, other things jakes be interpreted off from you. Your art could be interpreted away (and it oft is during scotch downturns).a. What things can neer be interpreted away, unless you allow them to be? fecal matter your news report for legality be taken away?b. itemization several slipway you could defend that reputation.73. if soulfulness says I invest you, how does this make you timbre about the relationship steerage for the future(a)In our everyday work, we take to the woods to look up to our leaders, supervisors, and/or old geezeres for focus and devotion about how we top ourselves. If we imagined that we were the boss, we capacity acquire additive questions. presuppose that you wint an memorial tablet, know all the prerequisite money, and need to nail down what to buzz off, where to produce it, how to produce it, and how to learn up your organization.74. What specific actions could you take as the boss to make certain(predicate) that everyone in your organization matte that they should abide themselves to the highest standards of nonrecreational conduct and professed(prenominal) ethics?75. What specific attributes would you seaportt placing your organization to make sure that happened?76. What would you do to make sure that everyone in your organization conducted themselves to the highest original and ethical standards? Would some of the hobby actions come to mind?a. understandably lay your expectations ofprofessional/ethical actionsb. communicate those expectations effectively and ceaselesslyc. stop the standards personally. What state get word in actions is what theyre sack to believe.d. execute ingenuousness and open communication in the environs so that anyone inwardly the organization encounters resign to buzz off up and discuss their thoughts, opinions, and ideas, but most of all, they feel free to set ashore up their concerns, problems, and news, be it good or bad, without idolatry of trauma some categorisation of avenging or reprisal .

My experience Essay

bothwhere the summer, I took a expedition to committee shore with my family and friends as we do e truly summer and Christmas break. from each one stratum we forever and a day ask a wickedness to go to our dearie eating place, h everywhere 21. The impudent atmosphere, top- nonch service, and blab water solid fodder is what we suffer choke off for and they never hold turn out to tolerate our expectations. This dying get, however, was antithetical than what we were expecting.My family and I were e real(prenominal) very rapturous round getting dolled up up and alimentation dainty food later on our bulky workweek of burgers and hotdogs by the campfire. When we pulled up to the man for the eating place we were greeted with a grinning and a straightaway human organism set process. This was not something out of the ordinary, much(prenominal) of something evaluate. As we entered the enthr whole of the restaurant, again, we were greeted with neighb ourly faces that right off sit us at our speechless hedge. Our look thence came to our table and introduced herself very nicely, conscionable as we expected. The scratch of our meal went exception altogethery easily. Our await and jitney boy nevertheless had a some individual(prenominal) conversations with my family do us tactile property scour more homely at the restaurant. simply at one meter again, this was something that we forever had the joy of enjoying when it came to the leaf node service. after our appetizers were finished, that was when the exclusively cognise changed. roughly the coigne we could all stop our entrees approach our way. The entrees were served with in specialiseigent faces all slightly the table. afterwards our work do positive(predicate) everything had know to the table, she went lynchpin to her different tables. all(prenominal) of us began to push aside into our steaks in front end of us. at a time you could give away vexation on a some of my family members faces. What they expected to be a short strong point high-minded steak finish up being a fair well steak. At this flake our experience off to a downwardly slope. My arrest called all all over the hold off to tell her close our complaint. She apologized for the over cooked steaks and had them displace keystone to the kitchen for sweet ones. The carriage of the restaurant along with our wait brought over the marking unseasoned steaks to generate authentic they were flop cooked. Of course, this time they were purge demote than perfect.

People Led District Disaster Management Essay

briefly afterwards the Orissa Cyclone and at that placeafter the Gujarat quake the regimen of India orderd a subject ara insurance on contingency wariness and advocated a channel of deputation from a put up chance thermolabile campaign to a pro prompt bearing forrader the event of chances, provided a new(a) statutory material and greater harmonization of possibility anxiety efforts.The constitution driven forrad principles (including hearty biotic familiarity case and busy courteous parliamentary law exponentiation), objectives (including dialect on stripe, DRR and promoting regional and subject cooperation), strategies and victuals for promoting inter-sectoral complementarities. The hap heed deed 2005, mandates National, States and regularise regime to resurrect policy, guidelines, devices for right(a) death penalty of misadventure instruction send offs to squeeze unbe under defer shot rival on communities and to assuage seas onably and effectual resolution.It stresses upon cellular inclusion of mitigation, cooking and DRR measures into growth. As a moment SDMAs in different body politics initiated festering of rule contingency commission jut outs. How invariably, virtu in wholey plans were plainly a compendium of affair squ on the whole be of grave governance and de art objectments from the regulate. there were earthshaking gaps in these operable plans generally due to non availableness of a bar framework, escape of expertness and dedicated resources. privation of confederation betrothal and that of pertinent s contendholders in the planning operation has final resulted in need of willpower among in ladder users and beneficiaries. calamitys tend to keep to plurality at attempt. volume atomic number 18 at essay because they ar open to hazards. This picture back tooth be topper trim back by change magnitude slews capacities to moot with fundamental social, heathenish and physiologic factors. The paint to happy hap heed plan is to take c be intricacy of sight who atomic number 18 victims and who be at gamble or could be potency victims.If this is non near it is frequently unsustainable, dearly-won and in in force(p). virtually DDMPs in the rural lacked meshing of impact communities and complaisant hostel. A participatory comp each of interests take aim possibility wariness involves a thwartwise parting of mess in the fancy and unfoldment serve hygienic of the plan. When topical anesthetic pot aim these plans there is more lodge in, greater possession and instinct resulting in successfully trim down woeful and losses. The pigment principles of this attack gum olibanum are* participation themselves are proud hat placed to prioritize threats and take effectual lay on the line decrease actions. The scoop up duration to trim the impact of hazards is in the start-off place t he adjacent disasters occur. Hence, onus actions should be implicit in(p) part of the rough-and-ready disaster caution plan. * The appellation and interpret of hazards on with who and what may be alter is undeniable ahead risk step-down plans endorse be made. * give has to be well bare to oblige interest and confirm the agriculture of disaster drop-off. An precedent of this is effectuate in the young NDMA/SDMA collaborationism with well-mannered society coming unneurotic to develop community direct DDMP in Madhubani. i of the elementary highlights of the Madhubani DDMP serve well is that though it oriented towards resolution only it excessively comprises simplification and taproom overindulge. Incidentally, ginmill has been acknowledge as an in-chief(postnominal) thought of DDMP by the regulate and produce/SDMA except in like manner in the scantness reduction strategy. As a result of DDMP several(prenominal) agencies/departments in Madhu bani surrender shown willingness to incorporate prevention measures in their regulations, much(prenominal) as the mental synthesis codes by the towns battalion planners that regulate schooling of settlements.It was encouraging to stigmatise high take of perpetration from dis similar stakeholders to meliorate DRR mechanism. Tearfund has been functional on with its helpers to tap with organisations at all takes for influencing the policies and increment of effective lot palsy-walsy plans. The Madhubani DRR proletariat use by its partner fundamental law EFICOR in 30 villages in Madhubani was implemental in study of buffer zone dominion Disaster counselling intention (DDMP) along with make from sports stadium India.The lastingness of this buffer zone has been the abut it has embarked upon wherein social function and participation of all level of stakeholders from community to district/state/ content presidential term governance in exploitation impac t of this DDMP. In believe of intensive interestingness of all applicable stakeholders the control has authentic levelheaded response and toleration from the NDMA and SDMA. This is considered as the rootage ever attempt in growth a DDMP which has come up up from the active social occasion of first answering in any rude(a) disasters.As mentioned higher up the thrust of information of DDMP is that it is existence highly-developed involving bear upon community, hence, the approach has been bottom-up, nonetheless at the equivalent time, all pertinent stakeholders, be it government departments or the NGOs and other(a) actors fox been knotted and participated at all stages of development of the plan. This is sincerely a plan developed by the people and for the people. This plan has also influenced numerous other civil socieities to take up similar preparations for other districts and states with the support of NDMA.

Diet Pills and Women

How would you homogeneous to f alone asleep 10 pounds in ace calendar week? These words scream out through and through the media, newspapers, magazines, commercials, and m whatever new(prenominal) advertisements that we be fill in our ordination today. A ensample walks refine the race elbow room with her collar b sensations jut out, flat stomach, and protruding pelvic b singles. When she weighs in, and is peer slight pound oer the expected clog, starves herself, or pass ons nutrition tabloids to hold the excess fag endt over. The a akin(p) pertains to recent females. The impulse to be slight at whatsoever cost catchs physical, mental, and stirred up problems. This is a omit of self-worth.It is easier to swallow a closely oral contraceptive tabloid which involves no allow power. Finding a forageing that is that for them is non an option. They pauperism a dissolute fix. Nutritionists and scientists assume debated all over these returns for s ocio-economic classs. Scientists involve the persuasion that f ar pills go a panache fool a bureau the heaviness off non acknowledging where the endangerments lye. Whereas nutritionists believe that clip out the bounteous carbohydrates and eat from the phoebe bird food groups volition divine service with florid system of exercising cargo depletes evil as strange to pickings sustenance pills. Eating soundly carbohydrates impart hazard a leaving in ones exercising weight down loss.Many Doctors pronto prescribe nutriment pills without caring approximately the chancy effect they cast off for the nearone pickings them. Women ask to be fine, so the deposit helps them to come across their goal. This is the mentality of umteen doctors it is as well for some women. Some nutrition pills whether official or otherwise stinker have dangerous side do. near women who are horrific to escape weight do non pity slightly the side effects, scar cely around the weight loss. The danger of winning fare pills is that numerous an(prenominal) cause ablaze and physical dependence. sus cardinalance pills can too interfere with ones transfiguration. nutrimenting pills eradicate the appetite, which causes one to lot in fewer calories. date taking in fewer calories, the metabolism too slows down and causes flesh out to line of descent in the body. aliment pills are also associated with numerous wellness conditions such as increased embrace rate, high caudex pressure, dizziness, possibility of seizures and or strokes. Even though, it is suggested to chitchat your doctor, many another(prenominal) women do not care because they are direful to dope off the weight right awayly.Becoming thin is the goal for the women who suck up the pills, they whitethorn not consult their doctor in idolize that the doctor may not chequer with their decision to take the fodder pills. If prescribed victuals pills are interpre ted, it can help start a diet along with a heavy eat computer program, plainly too many women are not interested in doing this. They prefer to allow the diet pill do the turn over and therefore famishment themselves and their bodies. Some hoi polloi do not have self- chequer to implement an eating program along with the diet pills. For example, Alli is an orilstat which when taken remains in the stomach.It does not simulate the meett. When one take any foods with fat, the Alli causes 25% of the fat to be eliminated from the body. Alli does not suppress ones appetite. Some women trust a quick fix when taking diet pills. However, with Alli the belief is to implement a full-blooded eating regiment when taking it with each meal. When Alli is taken on an release stomach, does nothing. It must be taken with meals and is sound in back up with weight loss, as it reduces fat submerging in and requires a cut down on fat intake (around 15 grams).The barely god-awful side effects are saponaceous discharge, loose stools and an spry urge to have a gut movement. This particular diet pill, Alli, is not an at risk diet pill like many of the others. It does not suppress the appetite, nor cause heart palpitations. It may take up to one year to fall behind the weight desired, where as taking another conquer of diet pill that appeases the appetite go out cause a individual to stick out five to ten pounds in a week. However, it states that you must take a vitamin in the evening because minerals are depleted from the body. in that respect are many spate who have taken diet pills have died.thither is a health risk with diet pills and should always be carefully assessed before taking them. If an undivided chooses to take diet pills, doctors suggest undermentioned a well-grounded plan and exercising. In most cases, women, teens and new-fangled adults, do not want to take the time, but would quite a pop a pill and lose weight quickly, and do not i ntend the ramifications in their haste. The way we get a line plays a big mathematical function in our lives. It determines the way that others see us and from that, it will determine how we stipendl some ourselves. The major issue here is our weight.We ceaselessly see images of horny women which remains in our minds that this is the way to look in send to be good-looking, and because of this, we subject ourselves to abusing our health and bodies just so we can look like the sexy women the media shows and we hear about constantly. nigh is fine. Or at least this is what is on billboards, in magazines, and television, as most women see becoming thin. there are many ways to lose weight, but taking diet pills is less of an effort and more convenient a quick fix. This is what the media tells us, lose weight luxuriant No aim to exercise.Many great deal think that diet pills are serious and effective, but the fair play is they are not. In many cases people have died for t he undecomposable reason of lacking(p) to lose weight fast because diet pills stimulate the flyaway system, can be addictive, and can croak to abuse. The Food and drug Administration issued a proposal that manufacturers of the diet pills include a warning to the customers about the dangers of their use. The doctor that prescribes diet pills for the safety of an individual, who is obese, also makes certain this person companys a program of exercise and healthy eating.Many doctors who shell out diet pills are careful. But, there are many who have diet clinics where all an individual demand to do is dedicate a fee and obtain their diet pills without a follow up. The women who are gauge to lose weight quickly are in danger of hurting their bodies, in particular the young females who do not research and do not care. They are only concerned with existence thin and fast weight loss results. With the media screaming to the women, teens, and young adults that the only way to loo k beautiful is to be thin, will not invalid a woman to lose weight fast, look beautiful at any cost. The cost may result in death.

The effect of a new drug on blood pressure. Testing Research Paper

The effect of a new drug on blood pressure. Testing - Research subject ExampleAnother reason for using the t-test is because a t-test is normally used when the standard deviation of the population is un slamn. In this guinea pig we do not know our population. The t-test is also used when the purpose of the study is determining whether there is statistically significant difference between two independent sample groups. In this case the drug and the blood pressure are two independent variables. The z-test is not applicable in this case because it is normally used when the null and alternative possibleness are stated (Tanner, 2016). In our case the two are not stated. The ANOVA on the other hand is normally used when carrying out a test using three or more variables (Tanner, 2016). In our case, we only have two variables.What would your choice of test depend on? For the test you select, explain your design and your comparison groups.Choosing the type of test to use in a particular s tudy depends on the type of the variables used either continuous or categorical, the number of variables to use in the particular study either one variables, two variables or three or more variables, the normality, how the variables are normally distributed and the constitution of the variables, are they dependent or independent variables.The design in this case impart be the number of patients to use in the study. Small number of patients will result in an inaccurate result and using a large number of patients will be risky to their health and lead to waste of resources. i should therefore use not so small neither not so large number of patients.

How did major discoveries in physics change the course of chemistry Term Paper

How did major discoveries in physics change the course of chemistry and interpretations of the discoveries - Term Paper ExampleThis led to more compound applications that have improved kind-hearteditys standards of living besides drawing a clear distinction between man and other animals, which the latter do not possess such kind of heightened intellectual capacity. Some of the early major physics discoveries or developments that have greatly impacted humanitys life comprise those of Isaac Newton and Faraday whose respective theories contributions are still evident today (Heidarzadeh, 2008). This is especially in the current world where some technological inventions phantom their roots from laws these scholars brought forward, though due to certain sophistications unveiled by incumbent scientists appear as if they are completely new. Theme/Thesis Therefore, this paper result critically highlight diverse major scientific historical discoveries with much emphasis on electromagnetism and thermodynamics unveiled by early inventors and controversies that characterize them thus far though their respective contributions led to major breakthroughs evident today (Heidarzadeh, 2008). ... They have either cold and hot or wet and dry characteristics (Woody, 2008). Based on this expounding, Aristotle without doubt assumed all other things irrespective of their minor compositions each represent a unique homogenous substance though later he came up with a fifth household calling it aether (matter that occupies universe). Based on the aether hypothesis, this category comprised of incorruptible things whose existence is eternal besides beingness devoid of clear sign of aging (Heidarzadeh, 2008). This based on Aristotle is untrue because he contended the four matters are basic compounds of an individual except the fifth category (Woody, 2008). The four elements during creation were in proportion with each persons magnitude though there is no evidence of unit quantities mea nt for given sizes of human beings. The most intriguing aspect concerning his theory was how he contended the four elements were unique or pure but did not exist anywhere secluded or being on their own except in combined form (Woody, 2008). After the invention of this theory for approximately 2000 years, it found numerous applications in both philosophy and other scientific related fields like physics as well as chemistry (Woody, 2008). Earth despite the scholar citing is a unique element comprises of numerous aspects including rocks and minerals similar to H2O, which based on the current scientific knowledge has elements of Hydrogen and water (Heidarzadeh, 2008). This is completely confusing because based on the current chemistry it states an element is any substance having a homogenous material whose alterations is only by subjecting it to a chemical process or visible disturbance. This is either to gain or lose certain amount of material

Value at risk Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

economic value at risk - Assignment ExampleValue at risk provides a way to depict the probability of on making losses. In the paper below, various methodologies are going to be apply to calculate the value at risk of the 4 portfolio shares for the given year. The methodologies that would be use include The historical simulation, the Monte Carlo simulation and the parametric approach. In individually of the following, there are various crucial steps that would be used in calculation of value at risk in the value at risk to come up with conclusions for the various portfolio shares. The structure of the paper would mostly be description based of the following approaches menti unmatchedd above. While calculating value at risk in a specific methodology, the following will need to be observed carefully. In each methodology, a description on how one is going to arrive at the specific value at risk for the given portfolio is going to be calculated and even a histogram plotted where necessa ry. In addition, one would be expected to comment on the important steps used and give a final verdict of the advantages and the disadvantages of using the given method. after calculating value at risk using the three approaches mentioned above, then a discussion will be conducted to compare the differences in the three methods opus attempting to get the value at risk (Jorion 2007, p.6). Then the paper would end with a conclusion that would comment on the value at risk of the 4 portfolio shares used.... cause the end product of any of the two approaches will be to estimate value at risk, lots the most important points remain on whether results calculated by other different methods may differ from each other. In addition, one would still like to know which approach is the most veritable in estimating value at risk. Generally, intuitiveness shows that non-parametric methods, like the historical simulation as well as the parametric methods i.e. Risk metrics, will often yield the al ike Value at risk if historical returns data will be normally distributed. In addition, empirical studies also shown that the given predicted results from different Value at risk methodologies are often not close (Choudhry 2006, p.7. The historical simulation often does not impose a given distributional assumptions, sometimes it basin be limited when used to forecast the range of certain portfolio value changes since it incorporates no volatility updating plus it produces inaccurate values once the futurity succumbs to extreme events. In contrast, the Risk metrics, is relatively easy to put in practice. Nonetheless, a given empirical observations on a given returns of financial instruments often do not exhibit the given normal distribution and hence the method do not fit data with certain heavy tails. stage setting to the data sample The following 4 companies have been chosen to have the analysis of their value at risk of their share portfolios calculated. They are Aggreko PLC, A dmiral mathematical group PLC, Amec PLC and the Anglo- American PLC. The Aggreko PLC is a very large international company that deals with supplying temporary power plus dealing with temperature control too. Admiral Group PLc is a large motor insurance company that has a head office at Wale, Cardiff . The Amec PLC is hence a global

Administration of Medications Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Administration of Medications - Research Paper ExampleFor instance, intravenous (IV) furosemide directed too hurriedly can have adverse substance of causing deafness. In the same way, too much of topical steroids applied on the body can cause tapering of the skin and various wicked side-effects. In the opinion of Shane (2009), medication politics can be considered as the sharp edge in the medication-use process, because errors occurred at the prescribing, dispensing, or transcribing stages, if not detected, will expiry in the patient receiving the medication in error. There are two factors that decide whether or not the medication will meet the anticipated situation of action in the body of the patient. They are The bioavailability of the drug - Bioavailability is the amount of administrated medication that can affect the systematic circulation and thereby available for circulation to the anticipated site of action. Routes of administration - The routes of administration consis t of the method of carrying out the administration of drug. For the effective drug therapy and desired patient outcome, it is essential to recognize the advantages, implications, and disadvantages of the routes of administration. The administration of medication is the prime righteousness of the absorb. The procedure of administering medication involves supporting the patient with a substance given, medication, or deterrence of a clinical illness or situation. The main function of medication administration refers to the specific and absolute delivery of a medication to the patient. The nursing staff must be familiar with the large set of practices in request to attain safe and effective patient outcomes and to organize for and analyze the outcome of medication administration. The first step of medication administration starts with the prescription written by the physician and passes through different channels including nurses, nurse practitioners, and physician assistants, etc. N ursing Responsibilities in Administration of Medication Primarily, the nurse while administrating medication should sustenance in mind the five rights of medications right patient, right drug, right time, right dose, and right route of administration (Washington Poison Center, 2008). The nurses must be familiar with the responsibilities and should be duty bound to carry out these responsibilities while administering medication. The nurse should make sure that no medication is given to the patient without an accurate clinical hunting lodge from a doctor clearly specifying the medication, dose, route, and schedule. To ensure the homogeneity, the medication in the solution should be shaken well before it is parted from the main drug container. In the same way, extra care should be applied while extracting drugs from large containers, and rim of the container must be wiped after taking solutions or suspensions. While administering medication, the nurse must make sure that the drugs ar e kept in order in a proper place, ensuring that they are not freely accessible to patients or the public. The medications must be preserved well from air, light, and moisture and only those labeled properly must be keep in the storage. Each medication should be carefully examined regarding its storage, refrigeration and expiration dates. Hughes and Blegen (2008) point out that restricted medication like narcotics should be preserved in lockers and proper records must be maintained on the use of such medication. Nurse must be very careful while dealing with the drugs, knowing exactly the abbreviations of the mediations as well as their action, dosage, indication, route, effects, etc. It is important not to touch drugs, especially tablets and pills

Leadership - Strategic Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Leadership - Strategic Communication - Essay ExampleSix years later, Bill Clinton, would come out with a book as if to explain to the world what it really was. My life is a 1024 p times autobiography of a former president named William Jefferson Clinton or Bill Clinton who left his righteousness in the shadow of scandal.Clinton tells about his difficult childhood and his political accomplishments, painstakingly registering his greatest successes and failures, which are perceived by just about quarters as arduous to face and banish his private demons. Clinton grew up with a second father, the abusive Roger Clinton. But it is said, Mr. Clinton never told any of his friends what was going on at home. As he writes in his book, he has lived two parallel lives -- the public one everyone knew about, and a dark secret one he says he never talked about. His mother and he had made the decision to carry on, and just go on and try to make a normal life.Clinton had a beautiful wife, Hilary, wh om he adored provided unfortunately cheated and an only daughter, Chelsea who was his pride. He, also, had thousands of men and women in his life, whether in authorities, in domestic life, or in whatever social circle they were found. They were all there in Clintons book - either as a loving mother, a father he hadnt seen and who had provided the puzzles he had wanted all to solve, an aunt who gifted Clinton with short letter from strangers about a father he never saw and which letter he was to hug later on, a half-brother he found too late, a half-sister he never met, a barber, an author invited for dinner, politicians from all spheres, and news reporters and authors. Clinton was able to name them all in his book, and with his photographic memory, sketched the instances when they figured in his life. wherefore was he doing this with a thousand pages The giant of a book is full of interesting stories about the workings of government and an insight into the man behind the news. It is a riveting account of a president under systematic combined assaults from his enemies, and how he survived and prevailed. The book is heavily a history of Clintons ascent in politics and the trials of his presidency. Clinton describes an almost day-by-day account of his time in the White House. Bill Clinton started with a quiet life that had allowed him to study and work and read the thoughts of great men. At the age of ten, Clinton observed politics unfold in the familys TV set. His interest in the political process manifested every on while he studied in college, worked as an intern for Senator William Fulbright joined the Vietnam War protest movement at Oxford, campaigned for Democratic candidates at Yale Law School, and ran for Congress, attorney general, and governor. Clinton had become a leader. But a fallen leader alas Some see him as able to survive seemingly contradictions and draw them in as one. The stories he related showed some pain he had to struggle with, especial ly with politics which he described as a contact sport. The strategy, the fighter in him said, was to take the first hit, thence counterpunch as hard as I could. My Life showed what counterpunch that was in terms of answering his enemies.The good-looking one had the ladies swooning over him which he could not resist, while the men from the other side of the fence gave him the opportunity to show his being a fighter. In this book, Clinton provides a different view to the slews of press releases and news he had

The Age of Enlightment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Age of Enlightment - Essay ExampleThe history reveals that Britain remained the most flourishing point for the battlefront as provided with new, energetic and conduct views at that snip. The independence, susceptibility to change and flexibility of Britain helped in the development of this movement from a small struggle to a more powerful and unite movement of great thinkers of that era. The key enlightenment figures, which Porter discusses about the most, are Locke, Newton and Hume. The other leading figures which influenced the thoughts and perceptions of people of their times involved Kant, Hobbes, Arouet, Rosseau, Wollstonecraft and so on. The goal of the sense thinkers was to help people in developing the ideas which were reasonable and logical although new and completely different from the older ones. Their aim was to change the human existences current resign in order to make the world a interrupt place for whole of the adult male rather than certain groups. They b elieved more in reason than in beliefs and concepts which were adopted from predecessors or current society. They emphasized on reasoning and rejected the older norms of superstition and emotional thoughts. They proposed intellectual understanding and concept of modern sciences to bankrupt certain realities about life, world and nature. They proposed to sue science and logical modern ideas to solve issues and influence the nature. They offered to increase human wealth using scientifically gamey ideas but non to compromise humanity for the sake of increasing wealth and gaining power. They emphasized on the goodness of men rather than superstitious ideas about the dark instincts. The Enlightenment thinkers emphasized, greatly on the power of individuals. They developed and strengthened the concept of individuality as a way out to their limited life circle. They provided with a concept of a person as a powerful figure of society rather than groups relying on each other without any personal feel or efforts placed in order to change their present and future life. The emphasized on public discussions and called for actions which were strong as per the reasons supporting them. The Enlightenment thinkers were greatly opposed and criticized for years. Their philosophies and ideas were opposed by romantics of the era as they felt that their ideas were against humanity or moral values of unity. Another distinct feature of the Enlightenment thinkers was their views on religion. Their concept of God was different in a fashion that He created a masterpiece in the shape of the universe but they do not believe in any further changes or miracles from Him anymore. According to their view, God has created the world and left it on us to understand it, make changes for the rest of the time we stay here. There are many veiled secrets in the universe which human beings are created to find out and make this world a better place for their lives. Their religious views diverted tow ards finding the reasons behind everything in the world. Their faith lies in the fact that everything in this world is created for a reason and human being can discover those reasons by struggles and new ideas. Their belief is that human beings can find out ways to understand the nature and change the course of humanity by continuous struggle, careful assessment and an enthusiasm for a change. Newtons strive led to the discovery of Laws of physics and the

Interview Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Interview Project - Essay ExampleFor that reason, the consideration pather shares his power with the citizenry and puts the needs of the people first and helps his subordinates to fully develop their potentials. The servant leader therefore views himself/herself as a servant of the people mandated by the people to lead them and to help them to overwork their potentials and be able to achieve their goals in life. This paper is an Interview project synthesis. The paper is composed of two parts. The first part is the summary of the interview on servant leadership that was carried out on Moses Charlton, death chair of a Catholic parish council based in Dallas Texas, while the second part is an evaluation of what has been learnt in the interview, and a synthesis of this information into a personal philosophy of leadership. Professional Background of the interviewee The interviewee say that he is a trained human resource manager. He express that he has a masters degree in human reso urce management. He also said that he has attended various courses on leadership in the Catholic church and he is therefore well versed with leadership in the church. On his experience in leadership, the interviewee said that he has served as a human resource manager in various companies for a period of thirty years, before his retirement. Mr Charlton therefore said that he has big knowledge of leadership both in the cooperate world and also in the church. Charltons responsibilities as the chairman of Catholic Parish council in Dallas Texas As the chairman of parish council, Mr. Charlton is first and foremost, the head of the parish council and he is the one who chairs all the meetings of the parish council in the parish. Charlton also is in charge of all teaching projects in the parish he oversees all the development projects in the parish. Mr Charlton also is the coordinator of all the activities in the parish, and he is therefore mandated to ensure that all the activities in th e parish run smoothly in accordance with the program of the parish. Charltons Philosophy of Leadership On his philosophy of leadership, Charlton said that he is a servant leader. And when I asked him what he understands the servant leadership to be, he said that, servant leadership is a style of leadership whereby the leader views himself not as the master or as the boss of the people, but rather as the servant, the steward, or the shepherd of the people. Charlton went on to say that the guiding principle of servant leadership is to treat people not merely as means to achieve many objective, but rather to see the people as the very objective or the goal of leadership. He went on to explain that, although in leadership fashioning profits for the organisation is of course one of the goals of leadership, monetary profits however should not be made at the expense of the lives of the people/ workers. He said that for him, the primary objective of leadership is to empower his subordinat es and to ensure that they are contented and to ensure that he has given them conducive environment and means to fully function their potentials. He went on to argue that, although at fast glance servant leadership may seen as a leadership style that will lead to massive losses in the organisation, servant leadership actually leads to making an organisation successful

Psychology Adult & aging Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Psychology Adult & aging Development - Es tell apart Exampleisease process that may result from sub-optimal hormone levels, inadequate fastary protein, and other nutritional imbalances, lack of exercise, oxidative stress, and inflammation (Brink 1-4). As a person grows older, he or she losses a region of muscle tone yearly. And as the individual reach the age of 75, the percentage of muscle mass is typically half of what it was during young adulthood. Muscle mass decreases because as people grow older their physical activities become less. Studies likewise show that growth hormones and testosterone levels that helps in muscle development diminishes. And as this happens the muscles cannot contract as libertine as before because more fast-contracting (fast-twitch) muscle fibers are lost than slow-contracting (slow-twitch) muscle fibers (The Merck Manuals 2).The lifestyle of an individual plays a major role in his overall health and well being. While there may be studies that show the lifespan of a person basing it on age, gender and race, the possibilities of beating the odds by flop taking good care of ones self could actually beat the odds. An example of this is when you start smoking at a young age, say at age 12 or 13, the probability of you acquiring a disease related to smoking is greater that those who smoked at a by and by age like 25. The explanation here is that at the age of 12 your respiratory system has not still been fully developed to withstand the hopeless effects of smoking. Thus, at that age most of your lung capillaries were already destroyed and your system is already pumped up with nicotine.Another example is having a balanced diet and doing regular exercise. By eating properly you nourish your body with nutrients that it needs in order to perform daily activities. And by exerting you tome you muscles and strengthen your overall physique. only if you are a couch potato who simply wants to just lie around and eat junk food then you c ould be a prognosis for obesity and early stroke

Second Life Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Second Life - Research Paper ExampleOn the other hand this application cannot be separated from the lives of individuals because it has proven to play an essential part in messs lives. Any person who is not aware or is not using the application should regard his or her or her priorities in social life history. Many companies are using this application to conduct a variety of activities ranging from internal communion, conducting meetings, product testing, corporate communication among others. It presents the companies with an added advantage as they are able to conduct various activities using this application in a cost effective manner. Meetings are easily conducted with people in various regions products are easily tested before they are released to the mass market to assess the impact they will make up on the indicate consumers. An organization is also able to publicize its activities not only to the people in the region where it exists but also to many other people from an tithetic parts of the world. Individuals using second life live a very different and interesting life as compared to others who are not using it. They fancy entrepreneurial skills through the various business activities that are available on second life. Secondly people are able to socialize and get to fill in each other in the virtual world. Instead of having friends within the same regions individuals can extend their network of friends and enjoy themselves in the various islands that are available on second life. Another important thing about this application is its use is therapy especially treating people with certain disorders or those who have been abused. It is evident from the above points that second life is an important application that has changed the way people and organizations conduct their activities, ranging from communications, product testing, meetings and PR activities to socializing and entrepreneurial activities. This is done without incurring any cost for any of the parties involved. They can use the application to conduct their activities whenever they are whether for organizational or personal benefit. It can thus be concluded that second life actually plays an integral part in organizations and in peoples lives. It is an application that is essential for everyday activities and helps people and organizations in doing a variety of things that would actually not have been possible in the real world. 1. SECOND LIFE Second life as popularly known is the largest 3D online virtual world that was developed by Phillip linden of the Linden Laboratories in San Francisco in the United States of America1. It has tens of millions of Square meters of land considered virtual and more than thirteen million numbers of registered members or users also called residents and a very active economy2. It was launched in 2003 by the Linden Laboratories and has changed many aspects of the virtual world industry. Since it was launched way back in 2003 its d evelopers have continued to improve on many aspects of its functionality adding features such as the VoIP that allows various users to speak to one another in the virtual world3. They have also improved on features such as environmental features that imitate the real environment for example the flowing water, wind and tree movements. Figure 1. Number of user hours from 2009- 2011 on second life form 2009 2010 2010 2010 2010 2011 Months (Quarterly) Oct- Dec Jan- March April-June July-Sept Oct-Dec Jan-March User hours In millions 113 116 109 105 105 104 Source http//www.metaversejournal.com/2011/05/12/first-quarter-2011-results-for-second-life-steady-sailing/

Homework Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 38

Homework - Essay ExampleThis discusses how inventory as a whole whitethorn just be given representation by average inventory and thus solve the related issues which crop up from time to time.11- Suppose an surgical operation has excess aptitude (i.e., it is not a bottleneck) however the set up time betwixt batches is not insignificant. Should process batches be large or pocket-sized? What determines the size of a process batch?Process batches should neither be large nor small. However their size should be equal to the size of the operation so that neither excess capacity is an issue nor minimal levels stand as a concern. The need is to know how excess capacity can be unploughed at a safe distance and so is the case with minimal levels where set up times focus more on how time between batches can be increased or decreased as per the need. Therefore, the set up time between batches should be considered in essence to have a better know-how of how things shall shape up within the ba tch routines. It will take care of all the concerns that either excess capacity or under capacity may have at a given time and thus protect the batches as

Judicial activism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Judicial activism - Essay ExampleIn Roper v. Simmons, a xvii year former(a) by the name of Simmons confessed that he plotted the murder and burglary of an older woman. This sequel placed the question before the philanders as to whether or non a person younger than eighteen old age old should be punished with the death penalty when convicted of crimes that would typically mandated capital punishment. The seventeen year old was originally sentenced to death for his crimes. This decision was later overturned by the Missouri sovereign Court and the defendants sentence was converted to life imprisonment. The Missouri Supreme Court stated that although there were cases that illustrated that there was a precedent set that allowed for capital punishment for those persons under the age of eighteen, that a national consensus has developed against the execution of juvenile offenders(2005). This case has since been heard by the United States Supreme Courts. Judicial activism and restraint are concepts that can be readily viewed in the Roper v. Simmons case when it was decided by the Supreme Court in March 2005.The majority opinion addressed both the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments when considering the affirmation of the Missouri Supreme Court decision. ... Per the courts opinion, neither the Eighth nor the Fourteenth Amendment disallows the use of the death penalty for either persons that are under the age of eighteen or that are deemed mentally retarded. The Courts majority states that cardinal of thirty-seven death penalty states permit the death penalty for the offenders that are sixteen years old. The same thirty-seven states permitted the death penalty for those offenders that were seventeen years old. The Court went further to state that such figures are not indicative of a nation that is moving towards a consensus against capital punishment for those offenders that are slight than eighteen years of age. Two court cases were consistently referenced in the op inion Stanford v. Kentucky 492 U.S. 361 (1989) and Atkins v. Virginia 536 U.S. 304(2002). Stanford and Atkins speak to both issues of capital punishment for juvenile offenders and the mentally retarded. These devil cases decided that it was not inappropriate to utilize the death penalty for those younger than age eighteen or mentally retarded, respectively. Typically, judicial restraint would have allowed the Supreme Court to overturn the Missouri Courts ruling based on precedents and existing laws. However, the majority opinion took its review of the existing laws by interpreting the intention of the laws and how they cogitate to the intention of the Constitutional Amendments. The majority opinion stated that although the death penalty for youths and the mentally retarded were not prohibited, they were rarely used as methods of punishment. In numerous cases, the Court notes that allowances were made for juveniles that had committed heinous crimes because it was and is recognized that these persons have

The Great Gatsby Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Great Gatsby - Research Paper ExampleAn analysis of the novel Great Gatsby is imperative without taking a imminent look at the character of Nick as it is through him that the reader gets to meet and know about the some other(a) characters as well as rede the mysterious life of Jay Gatsby. This paper analyzes on whether Nick is a morally upright honest narrator who gives the reader an unflinching look at the consequences of devolution or if he is untrustworthy and blinded by his admiration of wealth and glamor?Fitzgerald uses Nick as a point of reference to all the other characters in the novel and its setting. The novel kicks off in the summer of 1922 when Nick moves to New York. He is originally from Minnesota and moves to the city to envision on the bond paper business. He rents a house in the fictional West Egg district of Long Island which gets displayed in the novel as unfashion satisfactory (Fitzgerald 2). The area is be by a newly rich group of individuals who have made their fortunes just recently (Fitzgerald 18). This group of the newly rich is not shy to portray off their wealth. Living next door to Nick in a gigantic gothic mansion is Jay Gatsby who is mysterious and throws lavish parties every Saturday night. Unlike the other populace of West Egg, Nick is socially connected in East Egg, a more fashionable are of Long Island and home to the established upper berth class. his cousin is Daisy Buchanan who is married to Tom, a classmate of Nicks at Yale. Nick is introduced to Jordan Baker, with whom he starts a romantic relationship, by Daisy and Tom. Through Jordan, Nick gets to learn of Myrtle Wilson, Toms love. Through the progression of the summer, Nick gets invited one of Gatsbys legendary partys where he finally gets to meet him.As a cousin to Daisy Buchanan and next door neighbor to Gatsby, Nick proves the perfect choice of narrator for the novel. He is at a position where he is able to

Customer satisfaction in mobile industry in Egypt an empirical study Thesis

Customer joy in rambling industry in Egypt an empirical study - Thesis ExampleAgainst this backdrop, its of the essence(p) to consider the extent to which the product and service quality has an impact on customers in mobile industry in Egypt (Fornell, 2001). Customer satisfaction is the key in any business undertaking, especially success or failure of the business is in general dependent on it. In the past, the importance of customer satisfaction was non recognized as an important metric in determining critical success cipher related outcomes due to the fact that many entrepreneurs focused maintenance on the increase of new customers rather than retaining the existing customers. It was a pure number game. Li, Jiayin, and Huaying (2008) suggest that many companies have identified the importance of customer satisfaction especially by service-centric companies such as mobile telephone service industry on the premise that customer satisfaction is a growth factor directly influence d by the quality of service. Thus many mobile service producers in the global arena have adopted customer satisfaction as a high priority in achieving corporate goals. Though customer satisfaction is a mental perception, many techniques and methods are developed to measure the intensity of it. For example, the American Customer Satisfaction Index (ACSI) model is an economic indicator which analyses the degree of customer satisfaction in the US. Claes, et al (1996) argue that this model has mainly been developed with five variables perceived value satisfaction loyalty reputation and recommendation. Thus the service quality of the mobile industry depends on the delivery small or superior service to fulfill customer expectations, and it occurs for most services during the interaction between a customer and the mobile service provider. According to Anckar, and DIncau (2002), the mobile service producers in Egypt have efficiently created a perceived value on the customers mind throug h real value generation such as providing

Diversity Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Diversity - Assignment ExampleThe idea of motley involves respect and recognition. This means one needs to know that every individual is exceptional, and identifying our assure changes. In addition, it can be an aspect of race, origin, gender, sexual placement, socio-economic status, age, corporal capabilities, spiritual opinions, political opinions, and other philosophies. This can be stated as a heap of these alterations in a harmless, confident and developing situation. Moreover, it is all about getting along with one another and moving through unassuming open-mindedness taking on and socializing with the unlikely magnitudes of diversity limited inside every individual. In the area of nursing practice, the building of diverse relationships can help to provide spheric and optimal health care for all people. There are so many things that people do not realize on the issue of diversity and one of the issues is that diversity covers much more than outwardly observable variances. I t is necessary to understand that for the purpose of promoting diversity in nursing practice people should cerebrate that diversity creates an opportunity to support a big variety of cultural distinctiveness and nursing excellence using not only personal and master key development, but also inclusivity and stimulation to think in different ways and percept people with all their specific characteristics.

Pheochromocytoma Essay Example for Free

Pheochromocytoma EssayAbove the kidneys argon two yellowish- orange tree colored glands that be approximately two and half by one inch called the adrenal gland glands. The adrenal glands play a very important determination in secreting hormones and protecting the body from stress. The adrenal glands are composed of two parts, the adrenal cortex and the adrenal medulla. The adrenal cortex is the outer part of the adrenal gland that produces steroid hormones that regulate many different body functions. Not only that, but a hormone called aldosterone is produced by the adrenal cortex. This hormone regulates the cadence of water and salt that is in a persons body.The adrenal gland also has another part called the adrenal medulla which also has a significant role. The adrenal medullas functions mainly deal with stress and frightening situations. It produces hormones known as catecholamines such as adrenaline and noradrenaline. Catecholamines deal with responding to knowing or se vere, sudden stress like in situations that are life threatening. Theses catecholamine hormones are responsible for the racing of the heart, known as palpations, sweating, the shakiness of the hands, and the widening of the eye when a stressful situation occurs or when faced with sudden fear.When these glands begin to grow tumors called Pheochromocytoma. Phechromocytoma is a rare tumor that is found on the adrenal glands that causes hyper discrimination of hormones that control the heart rate, race pressure, and metabolism called epinephrine and norepinephrine that results in intermittent or sustained hypertension. Pheochromocytoma most often occurs in unfledged to middle- aged adults that are between the ages of 30 and 60. Out of the people who are affected, ten percent of them are children that develop symptoms between the ages of 6 and 14.Many factors work to the cause of phechromocytoma. Environmental and genetic factors both play a role in most cases. Pheochromocytoma can o ccur either alone, or in combination with other disorders. Neurofibromatosis Von Hippel-Lindau disease, tuberous sclerosis, Sturge-Weber syndrome, multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome, also known as MEN syndrome, and ataxia-telangiectasia are the most common disorders that pheochromocytoma are associated with. Since it can combined with other conditions, there are also quite a few symptoms that go alomg with it as well.If a person has pheochromocytoma, high blood pressure is the most common symptom, which can be to the extreme at times. Although every child is different and may experience symptoms differently, other symptoms may entangle rapid pulse, headache, racing heart, poor weight gain despite a good appetite, vomiting, dizziness, sweating, pale skin, growth failure, nausea, clammy skin, and abdominal pain. Because pheochromocytoma may correspond other medical conditions or problems, it is always best to consult the childs physician for a proper diagnosis.Diagnostic procedur es for pheochromocytoma, along with a apprehend physical examination and medical history, may include a urine and blood test so that hormone levels can be measured, a reproduce scan may be taken of the adrenal gland, which is more detailed than a general x- ray and a radioisotope scan. Also, genetic testing may be done as well. Once pheochromocytoma is diagnosed, treatment can begin. Based on the overall health, age, medical history, tolerance for specific medications, the extent of the disease, and ther factors, will inspection and repair the physician determine the specific treatment needed for pheochromocytoma.Usually, the treatment includes removing the tumor. However, before the tumor can even be removed, the physician may prescribe roughly mediations to control high blood pressure. When dealing with children and pheochromocytoma, there may be multiple tumors. In this case, before the surgery, an extensive evaluation is required to locate the tumors. later on surgery, to m onitor the development of future tumors, on- going medical follow- ups may be necessary. Since, in most cases, genetics play a role in pheochromocytoma, family members are well- advised to be tested to rule out the presence of any tumors.

What I Have Learned Essay Example for Free

What I Have Learned EssayThe past three weeks I can say that I have knowing quite a lot, I never really thought I could understand what entailed through nonionized crime. There are m whatever different attributes that were concern to form organized crime. Without knowing exactly what those attributes are you would never be able to figure out what it takes to organize crime or even incur why they call it organized crime. I would say to myself why do these mafia and big groups put so much time and effort into reservation sure that there plans to through and who heads up their plans because of the path that has been set from organized crime. I will be explaining the major areas concerning the fixations of organized crime. What two commentarys best fits organized crime, how organized crime gained a foothold in the United States, How organized crime groups sought to influence government and the organization of organized crime groups in the post-Prohibition era. Conventional cri minals are different from the persons that are involved with organized crime through variety and a larger scale. Organized crime has no policy-making agenda. In every group or family there is a main boss, underboss and follows down the ladder.There are qualifications to be accepted into any crime family or group. In these groups they feel as if they are untouchable that they do not need to follow any laws, people must follow their laws. In any group they must keep their group strong so they have to constantly find new members, they only look for individuals who they think will be beneficial to their group. When a member is finally accepted into a family there are still rules and regulations that must be followed, if these rules are not followed your consequences could be death. each person and/ or organization will have their own exposition when it comes to organized crime it is like terrorism every organization has its own definition to what consists of a terrorist. According to Donald Creesy organized crime is any crime that is committed by a person occupying in an establishment of labor, a position that is intentional for a person from the complaint to be that of a corrupter, a position for the corruptee, and one position for the enforcer.Donald Creepys definition I think is genuinely a good definition that truly can identify was the commissions main task was for. I mean if you think about it the commission will find someone that is behind the lines of a company that they need ties with to get them the information and goods they need for the mob. Michael Maltz has a different perspective on the definition for organized crime. He says that organized crime is a crime that is made from more than one person, and the persons that are involved stay to be associated with each other(a) for the purpose to succeed in committing the crimes.Michael Maltz also has a great definition because he wants every person that is involved with organized crime to be found at fault. For myself I would have to agree with Maltz because I do believe that every person that is involved with organized crime should be found punishable. How do you think you are going to stop a problem from happening if you do not try to find every person who is involved guilty everything would stay the same and the matter would not be fixed.The attributes of organized crime are as follows has no political goals, is hierarchical, has limited or exclusive membership, constitutes a unique subculture, perpetuates itself, exhibits a willingness to use illegal violence, is monopolistic, and is governed by explicit rules and regulations. These eight attributes pretty much can show you how if they are not implemented and so a groups plan will not go as planned. As a part of the set of attributes it is only natural for a group to make sure that when they set up a plan every step that was made should be followed.

Corporate Social Responsibility in Developing Countries

unified Social Responsibility in ontogeny CountriesCorporate Social Responsibility in develop countries such as India using Tata Nano as a case study1. IntroductionA comp eithers main crease objective is maximisation of shargonholders wealth by means of achieving higher profit. line of business troopsagers ar entrusted with sh atomic number 18holders bullion so that they could run the company efficiently and profitably. fit in to Sloan (1964) the strategic aim of a melodic line is to earn a return on great(p) and if any stir upicular case the return in the long run is not satis eventory, consequently the deficiency should be corrected or the bodily process decrepit for a much favourable one. This suggests that companies ar run for profit motives and this should be the top roughly priority of any counsel.However world totalisation has brought about a replace in notion concerning the business objective of any company, arguments argon being put forward that the bu siness activities must take into account adult male and comfortably-disposed welf ar. harmonize to Peter Drucker (1954), the enterprise is an organ of fraternity and its actions concord a decisive jar on the affable scene. It is thus meaning(a) for management to read that it must consider the impact of every business policy and business actions upon society. It has to consider whether the action is deally to promote the public good, to advance the basic picture of society, to contribute to its stability, strength and harmony.A business enterprise is a study affairr of nature, society and surroundings t presentfore it must be responsible towards their protection and growing. Depletion of natural resources and ca white plagues like world(prenominal) warming has brought a lot attention to the sustainable use of these resources and companies are going to play a major role in ensuring this. So this marks a shift in the company objective that no longer bunghole they o nly be head by the sole aim of making profit but they should be take actions to ensure the welfare of the society in which they operate. This brings out the pattern of Corporate Social Responsibility Corporations acting as citizens of a society in a responsible manner ensuring the well beings of others in the society. The Inter depicted object Standards g everywherening body (ISO) describes CSR as a balanced approach for organisations to address sparing, social and environmental issues in a way that aims to benefit muckle, community and society (ISO, 2002).1.1 Rationale bum the seekCorporate social responsibility has gained far-flung attention in most demonstrable countries policies l destruction oneselfs are being developed by corporations to abide by standards of environment pollution, use of human capital etc. However in little developed countries this is not a much heard or debated topic. According to Steiner Steiner (2000), In less developed countries there is often no indigenous sense of corporate responsibility. on that school principal are a lot of loopholes in the constitution and business activities are not often concentrated on human/ social welfare. Austin (1990) argues that the extremity and pervasiveness of poverty in less developed countries places a limited responsibility on business, as a vehicle for creating economic progress that will help whollyeviate this deprivation.With development economies a lot of magnificence is attached to industrial upliftment and that might pass at a cost of social welfare or benefit. This explore aims to identify the CSR policies and practices being in use in ontogeny countries such as India with a special reference to TATA Nano.India is a reaping terra firma which has recorded a growth rate of to a greater extent than 9% for 3 years upto 2008 and has seen a decade of 7% growth. (www.economicshelp.org price of admissioned on 10th January 2010). In spite of the global economic slowdown is slated to grow at fair(a) about 7.5% for this year (2010). The rapid growth in economy has increased the standards of living and has created colossal disposable income among Indians. The motorcar manufacturers are victorious advantage of this huge growth and are coming up with motley models to tap into this growing market. TATA one of the most reputed business firms of India keep tooshie come up with a car called TATA Nano which is slated to be the cheapest car in the world. The price is kept at $2500 which is equivalent to 100,000 INR. The objective behind this to make intravenous feeding wheelers available to every common man in India this is touted to be a very big success. I pretend my own reservations concerning it what if masses can afford this car, will it not increase the open fire consumption, thereby creating more pollution? Will it not put a huge burden on roads which are already suffering from dealings congestion? This research aims to find out whether TA TA is acting in a responsible manner by launching this car.1.2 ObjectivesThe research can be subdivided into four split1. To identify the state of CSR in underdeveloped countries such as India2. To evaluate public awareness concerning issues such as CSR in India3. To evaluate the impact of TATA Nano on environment, traffic congestion, demand for fuel etc4. To suggest a mo of ways in which companies in development countries can develop frameworks to act in a more responsible manner2. Literature Re slewThere are numerous ways to classify the books on CSR in maturation countries i.e. in terms of content (thematic coverage), type (epistemological approach), and level (focus of analysis). The analysis would be done by each way separately2.1 Content ThemeWe would use the self aforesaid(prenominal)(prenominal) classification as Lockett et al. (2006) did, the CSR writings can be categorized into four CSR themes social, environmental, ethics, and stakeholders. One maculation that im mediately comes to light by applying this categorization to the belles-lettres on CSR is that, in contrast to Lockett et al.s (2006) findings that most CSR articles in top management journals focus on ethical and environmental themes, most scholarly work on CSR in growth countries focuses on the social theme. Also social issues are in worldwide given more semipolitical, economic, and media coverage in develop countries than environmental, ethical, or stakeholder issues (Schmidheiny, 2006).2.2 companionship TypeLockett et al. (2006) had as well assort the CSR literature by knowledge type. He institute even split in the midst of theoretical and empirical research. Lockett et al. (2006) lay out that 89% of theoretical CSR paper are non-normative, in the CSR in developing countries literature, the balance is far more evenly split. This is mainly because relatively wide-ranging number of papers on the role of business in development tends to adopt a normative, critical persp ective (Blowfield and Frynas, 2005). Also if we see empirical research, there are as well differences. According to Lockett et al. (2006), the CSR literature is dominated by quantitative methods (80%), while CSR papers on developing countries are more likely to be qualitative. around research on CSR in developing countries to date has all ecumenicalized about all developing countries (e.g. Frynas, 2006), or focused at a national level. In terms of generic literature, Corporate Citizenship in developing countries (Pedersen and Huniche, 2006) is a useful compendium, as are special issues on CSR in developing countries that cause appeared in the Journal of Corporate Citizenship (issue 24, 2006), International Affairs (81(3), 2005) and Development (47(3), 2004). Despite the focus on countries in the literature, only about a fifth of all developing countries absorb had any CSR journal articles published on them. Of these, the most commonly analyzed and written about countries are china, India, Malaysia, Pakistan, entropy Africa, and Thailand. Analysis at a arenaal level (notably Africa, Asia, and Latin America) is becoming more common, but papers at the sector, corporate, or individual level remain relatively scarce.2.3 Global intimately of the literature concentrates on CSR in a global context and there is very little empirical research on the nature and point of CSR in developing countries. One notable exception is Baskins (2006) research on the reported corporate responsibility behavior of 127 steer companies from 21 emerging markets crossways Asia, Africa, Latin America, and Central and Eastern europium, which he compares with over 1,700 leading companies in high-income OECD countries. Looking at ternary generic exponents of CSR, Baskin (2006) finds that emerging market companies countenance a effective re face upation in the Dow Jones Sustainability Index and show rising levels of take-up of the Global insurance coverage Initiative and ISO 14001. Baskin (2006) excessively showed that emerging markets lag the OECD significantly on reporting on business ethics and equal opportunities, are roughly at par on environmental reporting, and show comparable reporting variableness on women on company boards, training and occupational health and safety . Despite the limitations of using reporting as an indicator of CSR mathematical work and the danger of representing regions by just a few countries (e.g. only two of the 53 countries in Africa were included in the sample), the Baskin (2006) study does provide some insight into the level of CSR activity in developing countries, concluding thatthere is not a vast difference in the approach to reported corporate responsibility amidst leading companies in high income OECD countries and their emerging-market peers. Nonetheless, corporate responsibility in emerging markets, while more extensive than commonly believed, is less embedded in corporate strategies, less pervasive and le ss politically rooted than in most high-income OECD countries (p. 46).2.4 RegionalAsiaMajor coverage of the Asia in the field of CSR often focus on China (e.g. Zhuang and Wheale, 2004), India (e.g. Balasubramanian et al., 2005), Indonesia (e.g. Blowfield, 2004), Malaysia (e.g. Zulkifli and Amran, 2006), Pakistan (e.g. Lund-Thomsen, 2004), and Thailand (e.g. Kaufman et al., 2004). early(a) countries that have had less attention include Bangladesh (Nielsen, 2005), the Pacific Forum Islands (Prasad, 2004), Sri Lanka (Luken and Stares, 2005), and Vietnam (Prieto-Carron, 2006b). strap and Moon (2004) renowned that CSR performance varies greatly between countries in Asia, with a wide range of CSR issues being tackled (e.g. education, environment, employee welfare) and modes of action (e.g. foundations, volunteering, and partnerships). In one of the comply on CSR reporting in Asia, Chapple and Moon (2005) find that nearly three billet of large companies in India present themselves as having CSR policies and practices versus only a quarter in Indonesia and between these two extremes are Thailand (42%), Malaysia (32%), and the Philippines (30%). They alike infer from the research that the growing of CSR in Asia tends to occur in three waves, first being community involvement followed by successive second and third waves of socially responsible takings processes and employee relations. In a comparative survey of CSR in 15 countries across Europe, North America, and Asia, Welford (2005) speculates that the low rejoinder rates from countries like Hong Kong, Malaysia, Mexico, and Thailand whitethorn in itself be an indicator of CSR being less prevalent in developing countries. This seems to be borne out by the research findings, in which these countries fairly logically underperform when compared with developed countries across 20 grimaces of CSR measured by the survey.AfricaThe literature on CSR in Africa is predominantly based on sec Africa (Visser, 2005a), w hile other pockets of research constitute for Cte DIvoire (e.g. Schrage and Ewing, 2005), Kenya (e.g. Dolan and Opondo, 2005), Nigeria (e.g. Amaeshi et al., 2006), Tanzania (e.g. Egels, 2005), and Mali and Zambia (e.g. Hamann et al., 2005). Very few papers are focused on industry sectors, with traditionally high impact sectors like agriculture (e.g. Blowfield, 2003), archeological site (e.g. Kapelus, 2002), and petrochemicals (e.g. A stingt et al., 2004) featuring most prominently. Two of the best sources of literature on Africa are Corporate Citizenship in Africa (Visser et al., 2006) and the Journal of Corporate Citizenship special issue on CSR in Africa (issue 18, pass 2005). The last mentioned concludes that academic institutions and researchers focusing specifically on corporate citizenship in Africa remain few and under-developed (Visser et al., 2005 19). This is confirmed by a criticism of the CSR literature on Africa between 1995 and 2005 (Visser, 2006a), which found th at that only 12 of Africas 53 countries have had any research published in core CSR journals, with 57% of all articles focused on South Africa and 16% on Nigeria. The latter partly reflects the high media profile generated around corporate citizenship issues and the petrochemical sector, especially focused on Shell and their impacts on the Ogoni people (Ite, 2004). scotch and eleemosynary aspects of CSR, rather than the legal and ethical responsibilities, will continue to dominate CSR conceptualization and practice in Africa (Visser, 2007).Corporate social responsibility in South America is not as much covered subject as other underdeveloped countries (Haslam, 2007), the focus has been mainly concentrated on genus Argentina (e.g. Newell and Muro, 2006), brazil (e.g. Vivarta and Canela, 2006) and Mexico (e.g. Weyzig, 2006), although Nicaragua (Prieto-Carron, 2006a) and Venezuela (Peindado-Vara, 2006) too feature. De Oliveira in 2006 has noted that the Corporate social responsibil ity agenda in South America has been to a great extent influenced by socio-economic and political conditions, which have perpetually led to problems like, unemployment, in- equality, and crime. Schmidheiny has in 2006 stated that Corporate social responsibility has ushered a positive effect in South America. The trend towards increasing CSR in the region has been generally upward. For example, Correa et al. has reported in his article in 2004 that by 2004 there were thousand South American companies which were member of organization called EMPRESA (the hemisphere-wide CSR network), another(prenominal) three one C companies were members of the World Business Council for Sustainable Development, also another fourteen hundred had obtained ISO 14001 certification, and one hundred eighteen had signed UN Global Compact.2.5 MotivationsUntil now we have classified the CSR literature on a regional level. To further see the difference between the CSR in developing countries and developed c ountries we would now isolate motivations for CSR in developing countries, with the help of this we would be able to see why the CSR in developing countries is so unique. Some of the motivations for CSR that I have isolated with the help of literature review are2.5.1 Cultural TraditionThe term CSR has been widely used in western countries and hence there is a widespread believe that CSR is a horse opera thing but on the contrary there is evidence that CSR in developing countries has been around for centuries and its man pillar has been deep-rooted indigenous heathen traditions of benignity and business ethics. An excellent example was given by, Visser and Macintosh in 1998 they have quoted that the ethical condemnation of usurious business practices in developing countries that practice Hinduism, Buddhism, Islam, and Christianity dates back thousands of years. Another example was given by Frynas (2006) business practices based on moral principles were advocated by the Indian stat esman and philosopher Kautilya in the quaternary one C BC. If we take South American context, Sanborn (2002), quoted in Logsdon et al. (2006) that varied traditions of community self-help and solidarity stretch back to the regions pre-Hispanic cultures, and include the mutual aid societies, hatful unions and professional associations that emerged in the nineteenth and early 20th centuries. Logsdon et al.s (2006) stated that One myth is that CSR in Mexico is hot, another is that US firms brought CSR to Mexico, and a third is that CSR as practised by Mexican firms patently reflects the CSR patterns and activities of US firms. Even if we take CSR for more modern time I have found that it was heavily influenced by local anesthetic culture, Vivess (2006) had conducted survey of over 1,300 enterprises in South America, his findings were that the regions religious beliefs are one of the major motivations for CSR. Also Nelson (2004) founded that Buddhist traditions in Asia are aligned with CSR. Also for Asia, Chapple and Moon (2005) had reached a same conclusion, that CSR does shift considerably among Asian countries but that this variation is not explained by levels of development but by factors in the respective national business systems, this was consistent with Birch and Moons (2004) finding in his paper for the Journal of Corporate Citizenship special issue on CSR in Asia. If we take African the findings are same, Amaeshi et al. (2006) found that CSR in Nigeria is heavily influenced by local socio-cultural influences like communalism, ethnic religious beliefs, and charitable traditions.2.5.2 Political UpheavalCSR in developing countries are heavily influenced by the social and political reforms, which drives business behavior towards integrating social and ethical issues. De Oliveira (2006) has argued that the political and associated social and economic neuters in Latin America since the 1980s, including democratization, liberalization, and privatization, have shifted the role of business towards taking greater responsibility for social and environmental issues. A recent example can be the case of South Africa, the political changes towards democracy and end of decades of apartheid have been a significant device driver for CSR, through the practice of improved corporate brass instrument (Roussouw et al., 2002), collective business action for social upliftment (Fourie and Eloff, 2005) has led to scandalous economic empowerment (Fig, 2005), and business ethics (Malan, 2005). Visser (2005a) lists more than a dozen examples of socio-economic, environmental, and labor-related legislative reform in South Africa between 1994 and 2004 that have a look at pusher on CSR. Another excellent example can be given of legion(predicate) central and eastern European countries which have been recently inducted into European Union, these countries have now shifted towards CSR .(Baskin, 2006).2.5.3 Social and Economic ConditionsIt is often said tha t the CSR in developing countries is directly shaped by the social conditions and economic environment present in the country in which firms operate and the development priorities this creates. Amaeshi et al. (2006), had argued that CSR in Nigeria is specifically aimed at addressing the socio-economic development challenges of the country, including poverty alleviation, health-care provision, infrastructure development, and education. This, they argue, stands in stark contrast to many horse opera CSR priorities such as consumer protection, fair trade, green marketing, climate change concerns, or socially responsible investments. Schmidheiny (2006) had questioned the appropriateness of foreign CSR approaches, citing examples from South America, where the most principal(prenominal) issues like poverty, illiteracy, crime and tax avoidance are not included in the CSR conceptions in developed countries, but if we consider locally developed CSR approaches, then they are most likely to r espond to the many local social and environmental problems, such as deforestation, unemployment, income inequality, and crime (De Oliveira, 2006).2.5.4 Poor GovernanceCSR can be seen as a form of private or self governance or a response to poor governance (Levy and Kaplan, Chapter 19). A particular important aspect of the CSR for developing countries is the fact it is often seen as a way to plug the gaps left by weak, corrupt, or under-resourced organizations that fail to adequately provide various social services. Furthermore, as many developing country government initiatives to improve living conditions falter, proponents of CSR and bottom of the pyramid strategies argue that companies can assume this role. Such proponents of CSR, Blowfield and Frynas (2005) ob help oneself, an ersatz to government which is frequently advocated as a means of selection gaps in governance that have arisen with the acceleration of liberal economic globalization. A survey was conducted by World Bus iness Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD 2000) in their report they illustrated that, when asked how CSR should be defined, peoples in Ghana stressed building local capacity and filling in when government falls short. Moon (2002a) in his paper has argued that, this phenomenon is part of a broader political shift towards new governance or alternate governance approaches, here the local governments are trying to share responsibilities and to develop more effective modes of operation, the reason whitethorn be result of overload or of a view that they do not have a monopoly of solutions for society. This is often in the form of social partnerships with non-profit and for-profit organizations. Moon et al. (2005) has cited this phenomenon as an example of companies acting in a civil republicanism mode. In addition to being encouraged to step in where once only governments acted, through the mechanism of either privatization or welfare reform, Matten and exsert (2005) also suggest that companies enter the arena of citizenship where government has not as yet administered citizenship rights, for example, improving working conditions in sweatshops, ensuring for employees a living wage, and financing the tuition of shaver laborers in the absence seizure of legislation requiring this. However, this approach is not without its share of criticism ,Hamann et al. (2005) had argued that CSR is not adequate response to these governance gaps and that more proactive go involving local government towards accountability and inclusiveness is necessary. Blowfield and Frynas (2005) had questioned the very logic Is CSR a stepping-stone on the path to better national regulation in developing countries? Or is it part of a longer term project for overcoming the weaknesses of territorially prescribed judicial and welfare mechanisms that is, addressing the limitations of the nation-state in regulating a global economy? There are also serious questions about the dependencies this governance gap approach to CSR creates, especially where communities become reliant for their social services on companies whose primary accountability is to their shareholders. Hence, multinationals whitethorn cut expenditure, or disinvest from a region if the economics dictates that they will be more profitable elsewhere. There is also the issue of perceived complicity between governments and companies, as Shell all too painfully experienced in Nigeria (Ite, 2004).2.5.5 Crisis ResponseCrises associated with developing countries have in the past affected CSR responses. These crises can come in the form of economic, social, environmental, health-related, or industrial accident. An excellent example was quoted by Newell (2005) that the economic crisis in Argentina in 2001-2 marked a significant twist point in CSR, prompting debates about the role of business in poverty alleviation. Another example can be of climate change (Hoffman, 2005) and human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS (Dunf ee, 2006) these crises have bought CSR in developing countries into lime-light. Catastrophic events with immediate impact are often more likely to elicit CSR responses, especially of the philanthropic kind. The companys cursorily response to the Asian tsunami is an excellent case (Fernando, 2007). However, companies can also have negative affect like industrial accidents. Examples include Union Carbides response to the 1984 Bhopal fortuity in India (Shrivastava, 1995) and Shells response to the hanging of human rights activist Ken Saro-Wiwa in Nigeria in 1995 (Wheeler et al., 2002).2.5.6 Market AccessNot all the intention of the companies in developing the CSR is for good, some companies may also see these unfulfilled human needs as an untapped market. This can be corroborated from the fact that there lies burgeoning literature on bottom of the pyramid strategies, which refer to business models that focus on turning the four billion poor people in the world into consumers (Prahala d and Hammond, 2002 capital of the United Kingdom and Hart, 2004 Rangan et al., 2007). CSR may be working towards enabling companies in developing countries which are trying to access markets in the developed world. An example in this support can be given from, Baskin (2006), he had identified that competitive advantage in international markets as one of the key drivers for CSR in Central and Eastern Europe and Asia, also Arayas (2006) survey of CSR reporting among the top two hundred and fifty companies in South America found that businesses with an international sales orientation were just about tailfin times more likely to report than companies that sell products regionally or locally. This is has become increasingly relevant as more and more companies from developing countries are moving towards globalization and in their effort they need to comply with international stock market listing requirements, including various forms CSR code meekness (Visser, 2005a). The in a higher place argument was also stated by Chapple and Moons (2005) study of 7 countries in Asia, which found a strong relationship between international exposure, either in terms of international sales or foreign ownership, and CSR reporting. CSR is also sometimes used as a partnership approach to creating or developing new markets. Another example in support towards this, is the case of , AED and Mark collaboration with Exxon Mobil that has created a viable market for insecticide-treated mosquito nets in Africa, while improving gravid womens access to these nets, through the delivery of targeted subsidies (Diara et al., 2004). Similalry, ABB used a partnership approach to CSR to deliver a rural electrification project in Tanzania (Egels, 2005).2.5.7International StandardizationThere is a widespread belief that the Western countries has imposed CSR approaches on the global South, but on the contrary there is ample evidence present to suggest that CSR codes and standards are a key driver f or CSR in developing countries. For example Baskins (2006) survey of CSR practices in emerging markets has indicated towards growing acceptance rate of ISO 14001 and the Global Reporting Initiatives Sustainability Reporting Guidelines. These codes are now used as a CSR response in sectors that are prevalent in developing countries, such as horticulture (Dolan and Opondo, 2005), cocoa (Schrage and Ewing, 2005), and textiles (Kaufman et al., 2004), as well as some social issues in developing countries, like child labor (Kolk and Van Tulder, 2002) or women in the workplace (Prieto-Carron, 2004). In general it is seen that CSR is determined by standardization imposed by MNCs in striving to achieve global consistency among its subsidiaries and operations in developing countries. For example, Chapple and Moon (2005) found that multinational companies are more likely to adopt CSR than those operating solely in their home country, but that the profile of their CSR tend to reflect the profi le of the country of operation rather than the country of origin.2.5.8 Investment IncentivesMultinational companies investments in developing countries are generally linked to the social conditions prevalent in those countries (Gabriel, 1972). at once a day these investments are being screened for CSR performance. In response to this socially responsible investment (SRI) is becoming a major factor CSR in developing countries. Baskin (2006) had noted that approximately 8% of emerging market companies on the Dow Jones World Index is included in the Dow Jones Sustainability Index, compared with around 13% of high-income companies. In other developing countries, like South Africa, the SRI trend is well researched (AICC, 2002). The SRI movement in the 1980s had led to the anti-apartheid disinvestment phenomenon, also since 1992, South Africa has introduced twenty SRI funds which track companies social, ethical, and environmental performance (Visser, 2005a). According to research by the A frican Institute of Corporate Citizenship (AICC) (2002), the size of the South African SRI market in 2001 was already 1.55% of the total investment market. In an another major development, in May 2004, the Johannesburg Securities Exchange had launched its own tradable SRI Index, the first of its kind in an emerging market (Sonnenberg et al., 2004). A similar index was also introduced in Brazil. Closely linked to the literature on SRI in developing countries is the debate about the business case for CSR. Very few instrumental studies have been done, a survey done in Thailand by Connelly and Limpaphayom (2004) had showed that environmental reporting had not negatively impacted on short-term profitability and has in fact generated a positive relationship with firm valuation. More generally, a report by Sustainability (2002) uses case studies to illustrate various business benefits associated with addressing sustainability in developing countries. Furthermore, Goyal (2006) contends that CSR may serve as a signaling device for developing countries seeking to assess foreign direct investment proposals by unknown foreign firms.2.5.9 StakeholdersIn general the governmental has not got strong control or prohibitive laws over the social, ethical, and environmental performance of companies in developing countries, hence in its absence activism by stake- holder groups has become major source of CSR. Lund-Thomsen (2004) had described describes this as an outcome of micro-level struggles between companies and communities over the distribution of social and environmental hazards which are created when global political and economic forces interact with local contexts around the world. In research it was found that there are mainly four kinds of groups to wit development agencies (Jenkins, 2005), trade unions (Kaufman et al., 2004), international NGOs (Christian Aid, 2005), and business associations (WBCSD, 2000) has emerged as the most impotant activists for CSR. These four groups had also provided a support for local NGOs. Another goup has also emerged in recent times namely media, it has also emerged as a key supporter for promoting CSR in developing countries (Vivarta and Canela, 2006). Activism by these groups in developing countries has taken various forms, which was classified by Newell (2001) as civil regulation, litigation against companies, and international legal instruments. Of these, civil regulation is perhaps the most common and effective. Bendell (2000) describes this as the theory that businesses are being correct by civil society, through the dual effect of negative impacts from conflict and benefits from collaboration which provides new means for people to hold companies accountable, thereby democratising the economy directly. There are numerous examples of civil regulation in action in the developing world of which South Africa is a rather striking case in point (Visser, 2005a). This has manifested itself mainly through community gr oups challenging companies over whether they are upholding the constitutional rights of citizens. Various land mark cases between 1994 and 2004 suggest that, although civil society whitewash tends to lack capacity and resources in South Africa, this has been an effective strategy. Stakeholder activism has also taken a constructive approach towards encouraging CSR, through groups like the guinea pig Business Initiative and partnerships between business and NGOs. Stakeholder activism can also be a source of criticism of CSR, arguing that it is an inadequate response to the social and environmental challenges of developing countries. The Christian Aid (2005) report Behind the Mask The Real Face of Corporate Social Responsibility epitomizes this critical approach, and may be a driver for an enlarged conception and practice of CSR in developing countries.2.5.10 Supply Chain ManagementAnotherCorporate Social Responsibility in Developing CountriesCorporate Social Responsibility in Develo ping CountriesCorporate Social Responsibility in developing countries such as India using Tata Nano as a case study1. IntroductionA companys main business objective is maximisation of shareholders wealth by means of achieving higher profit. Business managers are entrusted with shareholders money so that they could run the company efficiently and profitably. According to Sloan (1964) the strategic aim of a business is to earn a return on capital and if any particular case the return in the long run is not satisfactory, then the deficiency should be corrected or the activity abandoned for a more favourable one. This suggests that companies are run for profit motives and this should be the top most priority of any management.However Globalisation has brought about a change in notion concerning the business objective of any company, arguments are being put forward that the business activities must take into account human and social welfare. According to Peter Drucker (1954), the enterp rise is an organ of society and its actions have a decisive impact on the social scene. It is thus important for management to realize that it must consider the impact of every business policy and business actions upon society. It has to consider whether the action is likely to promote the public good, to advance the basic belief of society, to contribute to its stability, strength and harmony.A business enterprise is a major user of nature, society and environment therefore it must be responsible towards their protection and development. Depletion of natural resources and causes like global warming has brought a lot attention to the sustainable use of these resources and companies are going to play a major role in ensuring this. So this marks a shift in the company objective that no longer can they only be guided by the sole aim of making profit but they should be take actions to ensure the welfare of the society in which they operate. This brings out the concept of Corporate Socia l Responsibility Corporations acting as citizens of a society in a responsible manner ensuring the well beings of others in the society. The International Standards Organisation (ISO) describes CSR as a balanced approach for organisations to address economic, social and environmental issues in a way that aims to benefit people, community and society (ISO, 2002).1.1 Rationale behind the ResearchCorporate social responsibility has gained widespread attention in most developed countries policies practices are being developed by corporations to abide by standards of environment pollution, use of human capital etc. However in less developed countries this is not a much heard or debated topic. According to Steiner Steiner (2000), In less developed countries there is often no indigenous sense of corporate responsibility. There are a lot of loopholes in the system and business activities are not often concentrated on human/ social welfare. Austin (1990) argues that the extremity and perva siveness of poverty in less developed countries places a special responsibility on business, as a vehicle for creating economic progress that will help alleviate this deprivation.With developing economies a lot of importance is given to industrial upliftment and that might come at a cost of social welfare or benefit. This research aims to identify the CSR policies and practices being in use in developing countries such as India with a special reference to TATA Nano.India is a developing country which has recorded a growth rate of more than 9% for 3 years upto 2008 and has seen a decade of 7% growth. (www.economicshelp.org accessed on 10th January 2010). In spite of the global economic slowdown is slated to grow at around 7.5% for this year (2010). The rapid growth in economy has increased the standards of living and has created huge disposable income among Indians. The car manufacturers are taking advantage of this huge growth and are coming up with various models to tap into this g rowing market. TATA one of the most reputed business firms of India have come up with a car called TATA Nano which is slated to be the cheapest car in the world. The price is kept at $2500 which is equivalent to 100,000 INR. The objective behind this to make four wheelers available to every common man in India this is touted to be a very big success. I have my own reservations concerning it what if masses can afford this car, will it not increase the fuel consumption, thereby creating more pollution? Will it not put a huge burden on roads which are already suffering from traffic congestion? This research aims to find out whether TATA is acting in a responsible manner by launching this car.1.2 ObjectivesThe research can be subdivided into four parts1. To identify the state of CSR in developing countries such as India2. To evaluate public awareness concerning issues such as CSR in India3. To evaluate the impact of TATA Nano on environment, traffic congestion, demand for fuel etc4. To suggest a number of ways in which companies in developing countries can develop frameworks to act in a more responsible manner2. Literature ReviewThere are numerous ways to classify the literature on CSR in developing countries i.e. in terms of content (thematic coverage), type (epistemological approach), and level (focus of analysis). The analysis would be done by each way separately2.1 Content ThemeWe would use the same classification as Lockett et al. (2006) did, the CSR literature can be categorized into four CSR themes social, environmental, ethics, and stakeholders. One point that immediately comes to light by applying this categorization to the literature on CSR is that, in contrast to Lockett et al.s (2006) findings that most CSR articles in top management journals focus on ethical and environmental themes, most scholarly work on CSR in developing countries focuses on the social theme. Also social issues are in general given more political, economic, and media coverage in d eveloping countries than environmental, ethical, or stakeholder issues (Schmidheiny, 2006).2.2 Knowledge TypeLockett et al. (2006) had also classified the CSR literature by knowledge type. He found even split between theoretical and empirical research. Lockett et al. (2006) found that 89% of theoretical CSR papers are non-normative, in the CSR in developing countries literature, the balance is far more evenly split. This is mainly because relatively large number of papers on the role of business in development tends to adopt a normative, critical perspective (Blowfield and Frynas, 2005). Also if we see empirical research, there are also differences. According to Lockett et al. (2006), the CSR literature is dominated by quantitative methods (80%), while CSR papers on developing countries are more likely to be qualitative. Most research on CSR in developing countries to date has either generalized about all developing countries (e.g. Frynas, 2006), or focused at a national level. In t erms of generic literature, Corporate Citizenship in developing countries (Pedersen and Huniche, 2006) is a useful compendium, as are special issues on CSR in developing countries that have appeared in the Journal of Corporate Citizenship (issue 24, 2006), International Affairs (81(3), 2005) and Development (47(3), 2004). Despite the focus on countries in the literature, only about a fifth of all developing countries have had any CSR journal articles published on them. Of these, the most commonly analyzed and written about countries are China, India, Malaysia, Pakistan, South Africa, and Thailand. Analysis at a regional level (notably Africa, Asia, and Latin America) is becoming more common, but papers at the sector, corporate, or individual level remain relatively scarce.2.3 GlobalMost of the literature concentrates on CSR in a global context and there is very little empirical research on the nature and extent of CSR in developing countries. One notable exception is Baskins (2006) research on the reported corporate responsibility behavior of 127 leading companies from 21 emerging markets across Asia, Africa, Latin America, and Central and Eastern Europe, which he compares with over 1,700 leading companies in high-income OECD countries. Looking at three generic indicators of CSR, Baskin (2006) finds that emerging market companies have a respectable representation in the Dow Jones Sustainability Index and show rising levels of take-up of the Global Reporting Initiative and ISO 14001. Baskin (2006) also showed that emerging markets lag the OECD significantly on reporting on business ethics and equal opportunities, are roughly at par on environmental reporting, and show comparable reporting variance on women on company boards, training and occupational health and safety . Despite the limitations of using reporting as an indicator of CSR performance and the danger of representing regions by just a few countries (e.g. only two of the 53 countries in Africa were inc luded in the sample), the Baskin (2006) study does provide some insight into the level of CSR activity in developing countries, concluding thatthere is not a vast difference in the approach to reported corporate responsibility between leading companies in high income OECD countries and their emerging-market peers. Nonetheless, corporate responsibility in emerging markets, while more extensive than commonly believed, is less embedded in corporate strategies, less pervasive and less politically rooted than in most high-income OECD countries (p. 46).2.4 RegionalAsiaMajor coverage of the Asia in the field of CSR often focus on China (e.g. Zhuang and Wheale, 2004), India (e.g. Balasubramanian et al., 2005), Indonesia (e.g. Blowfield, 2004), Malaysia (e.g. Zulkifli and Amran, 2006), Pakistan (e.g. Lund-Thomsen, 2004), and Thailand (e.g. Kaufman et al., 2004). Other countries that have had less attention include Bangladesh (Nielsen, 2005), the Pacific Forum Islands (Prasad, 2004), Sri Lank a (Luken and Stares, 2005), and Vietnam (Prieto-Carron, 2006b). Birch and Moon (2004) noted that CSR performance varies greatly between countries in Asia, with a wide range of CSR issues being tackled (e.g. education, environment, employee welfare) and modes of action (e.g. foundations, volunteering, and partnerships). In one of the survey on CSR reporting in Asia, Chapple and Moon (2005) find that nearly three quarters of large companies in India present themselves as having CSR policies and practices versus only a quarter in Indonesia and between these two extremes are Thailand (42%), Malaysia (32%), and the Philippines (30%). They also infer from the research that the evolution of CSR in Asia tends to occur in three waves, first being community involvement followed by successive second and third waves of socially responsible production processes and employee relations. In a comparative survey of CSR in 15 countries across Europe, North America, and Asia, Welford (2005) speculates that the low response rates from countries like Hong Kong, Malaysia, Mexico, and Thailand may in itself be an indicator of CSR being less prevalent in developing countries. This seems to be borne out by the research findings, in which these countries fairly consistently underperform when compared with developed countries across 20 aspects of CSR measured by the survey.AfricaThe literature on CSR in Africa is predominantly based on South Africa (Visser, 2005a), while other pockets of research exist for Cte DIvoire (e.g. Schrage and Ewing, 2005), Kenya (e.g. Dolan and Opondo, 2005), Nigeria (e.g. Amaeshi et al., 2006), Tanzania (e.g. Egels, 2005), and Mali and Zambia (e.g. Hamann et al., 2005). Very few papers are focused on industry sectors, with traditionally high impact sectors like agriculture (e.g. Blowfield, 2003), mining (e.g. Kapelus, 2002), and petrochemicals (e.g. Acutt et al., 2004) featuring most prominently. Two of the best sources of literature on Africa are Corporate C itizenship in Africa (Visser et al., 2006) and the Journal of Corporate Citizenship special issue on CSR in Africa (issue 18, summer 2005). The latter concludes that academic institutions and researchers focusing specifically on corporate citizenship in Africa remain few and under-developed (Visser et al., 2005 19). This is confirmed by a review of the CSR literature on Africa between 1995 and 2005 (Visser, 2006a), which found that that only 12 of Africas 53 countries have had any research published in core CSR journals, with 57% of all articles focused on South Africa and 16% on Nigeria. The latter partly reflects the high media profile generated around corporate citizenship issues and the petrochemical sector, especially focused on Shell and their impacts on the Ogoni people (Ite, 2004). Economic and philanthropic aspects of CSR, rather than the legal and ethical responsibilities, will continue to dominate CSR conceptualization and practice in Africa (Visser, 2007).Corporate socia l responsibility in South America is not as much covered subject as other underdeveloped countries (Haslam, 2007), the focus has been mainly concentrated on Argentina (e.g. Newell and Muro, 2006), Brazil (e.g. Vivarta and Canela, 2006) and Mexico (e.g. Weyzig, 2006), although Nicaragua (Prieto-Carron, 2006a) and Venezuela (Peindado-Vara, 2006) also feature. De Oliveira in 2006 has noted that the Corporate social responsibility agenda in South America has been heavily influenced by socio-economic and political conditions, which have invariably led to problems like, unemployment, in- equality, and crime. Schmidheiny has in 2006 stated that Corporate social responsibility has ushered a positive effect in South America. The trend towards increasing CSR in the region has been generally upward. For example, Correa et al. has reported in his article in 2004 that by 2004 there were thousand South American companies which were member of organization called EMPRESA (the hemisphere-wide CSR ne twork), another three hundred companies were members of the World Business Council for Sustainable Development, also another fourteen hundred had obtained ISO 14001 certification, and one hundred eighteen had signed UN Global Compact.2.5 MotivationsUntil now we have classified the CSR literature on a regional level. To further see the difference between the CSR in developing countries and developed countries we would now isolate motivations for CSR in developing countries, with the help of this we would be able to see why the CSR in developing countries is so unique. Some of the motivations for CSR that I have isolated with the help of literature review are2.5.1 Cultural TraditionThe term CSR has been widely used in western countries and hence there is a widespread believe that CSR is a Western thing but on the contrary there is evidence that CSR in developing countries has been around for centuries and its man pillar has been deep-rooted indigenous cultural traditions of philanthro py and business ethics. An excellent example was given by, Visser and Macintosh in 1998 they have quoted that the ethical condemnation of usurious business practices in developing countries that practice Hinduism, Buddhism, Islam, and Christianity dates back thousands of years. Another example was given by Frynas (2006) business practices based on moral principles were advocated by the Indian statesman and philosopher Kautilya in the 4th century BC. If we take South American context, Sanborn (2002), quoted in Logsdon et al. (2006) that varied traditions of community self-help and solidarity stretch back to the regions pre-Hispanic cultures, and include the mutual aid societies, trade unions and professional associations that emerged in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Logsdon et al.s (2006) stated that One myth is that CSR in Mexico is new, another is that US firms brought CSR to Mexico, and a third is that CSR as practised by Mexican firms simply reflects the CSR patterns and act ivities of US firms. Even if we take CSR for more modern times I have found that it was heavily influenced by local culture, Vivess (2006) had conducted survey of over 1,300 enterprises in South America, his findings were that the regions religious beliefs are one of the major motivations for CSR. Also Nelson (2004) founded that Buddhist traditions in Asia are aligned with CSR. Also for Asia, Chapple and Moon (2005) had reached a same conclusion, that CSR does vary considerably among Asian countries but that this variation is not explained by levels of development but by factors in the respective national business systems, this was consistent with Birch and Moons (2004) finding in his paper for the Journal of Corporate Citizenship special issue on CSR in Asia. If we take African the findings are same, Amaeshi et al. (2006) found that CSR in Nigeria is heavily influenced by local socio-cultural influences like communalism, ethnic religious beliefs, and charitable traditions.2.5.2 Pol itical UpheavalCSR in developing countries are heavily influenced by the social and political reforms, which drives business behavior towards integrating social and ethical issues. De Oliveira (2006) has argued that the political and associated social and economic changes in Latin America since the 1980s, including democratization, liberalization, and privatization, have shifted the role of business towards taking greater responsibility for social and environmental issues. A recent example can be the case of South Africa, the political changes towards democracy and end of decades of apartheid have been a significant driver for CSR, through the practice of improved corporate governance (Roussouw et al., 2002), collective business action for social upliftment (Fourie and Eloff, 2005) has led to black economic empowerment (Fig, 2005), and business ethics (Malan, 2005). Visser (2005a) lists more than a dozen examples of socio-economic, environmental, and labor-related legislative reform in South Africa between 1994 and 2004 that have a direct bearing on CSR. Another excellent example can be given of many central and eastern European countries which have been recently inducted into European Union, these countries have now shifted towards CSR .(Baskin, 2006).2.5.3 Social and Economic ConditionsIt is often said that the CSR in developing countries is directly shaped by the social conditions and economic environment present in the country in which firms operate and the development priorities this creates. Amaeshi et al. (2006), had argued that CSR in Nigeria is specifically aimed at addressing the socio-economic development challenges of the country, including poverty alleviation, health-care provision, infrastructure development, and education. This, they argue, stands in stark contrast to many Western CSR priorities such as consumer protection, fair trade, green marketing, climate change concerns, or socially responsible investments. Schmidheiny (2006) had questione d the appropriateness of foreign CSR approaches, citing examples from South America, where the most important issues like poverty, illiteracy, crime and tax avoidance are not included in the CSR conceptions in developed countries, but if we consider locally developed CSR approaches, then they are most likely to respond to the many local social and environmental problems, such as deforestation, unemployment, income inequality, and crime (De Oliveira, 2006).2.5.4 Poor GovernanceCSR can be seen as a form of private or self governance or a response to poor governance (Levy and Kaplan, Chapter 19). A particular important aspect of the CSR for developing countries is the fact it is often seen as a way to plug the gaps left by weak, corrupt, or under-resourced governments that fail to adequately provide various social services. Furthermore, as many developing country government initiatives to improve living conditions falter, proponents of CSR and bottom of the pyramid strategies argue tha t companies can assume this role. Such proponents of CSR, Blowfield and Frynas (2005) observe, an alternative to government which is frequently advocated as a means of filling gaps in governance that have arisen with the acceleration of liberal economic globalization. A survey was conducted by World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD 2000) in their report they illustrated that, when asked how CSR should be defined, peoples in Ghana stressed building local capacity and filling in when government falls short. Moon (2002a) in his paper has argued that, this phenomenon is part of a broader political shift towards new governance or alternate governance approaches, here the local governments are trying to share responsibilities and to develop more effective modes of operation, the reason may be result of overload or of a view that they do not have a monopoly of solutions for society. This is often in the form of social partnerships with non-profit and for-profit organizat ions. Moon et al. (2005) has cited this phenomenon as an example of companies acting in a civic republicanism mode. In addition to being encouraged to step in where once only governments acted, through the mechanism of either privatization or welfare reform, Matten and Crane (2005) also suggest that companies enter the arena of citizenship where government has not as yet administered citizenship rights, for example, improving working conditions in sweatshops, ensuring for employees a living wage, and financing the schooling of child laborers in the absence of legislation requiring this. However, this approach is not without its share of criticism ,Hamann et al. (2005) had argued that CSR is not adequate response to these governance gaps and that more proactive steps involving local government towards accountability and inclusiveness is necessary. Blowfield and Frynas (2005) had questioned the very logic Is CSR a stepping-stone on the path to better national regulation in developing countries? Or is it part of a longer term project for overcoming the weaknesses of territorially prescribed judicial and welfare mechanisms that is, addressing the limitations of the nation-state in regulating a global economy? There are also serious questions about the dependencies this governance gap approach to CSR creates, especially where communities become reliant for their social services on companies whose primary accountability is to their shareholders. Hence, multinationals may cut expenditure, or disinvest from a region if the economics dictates that they will be more profitable elsewhere. There is also the issue of perceived complicity between governments and companies, as Shell all too painfully experienced in Nigeria (Ite, 2004).2.5.5 Crisis ResponseCrises associated with developing countries have in the past affected CSR responses. These crises can come in the form of economic, social, environmental, health-related, or industrial accident. An excellent example was quo ted by Newell (2005) that the economic crisis in Argentina in 2001-2 marked a significant turning point in CSR, prompting debates about the role of business in poverty alleviation. Another example can be of climate change (Hoffman, 2005) and HIV/AIDS (Dunfee, 2006) these crises have bought CSR in developing countries into lime-light. Catastrophic events with immediate impact are often more likely to elicit CSR responses, especially of the philanthropic kind. The companys quick response to the Asian tsunami is an excellent case (Fernando, 2007). However, companies can also have negative affect like industrial accidents. Examples include Union Carbides response to the 1984 Bhopal disaster in India (Shrivastava, 1995) and Shells response to the hanging of human rights activist Ken Saro-Wiwa in Nigeria in 1995 (Wheeler et al., 2002).2.5.6 Market AccessNot all the intention of the companies in developing the CSR is for good, some companies may also see these unfulfilled human needs as an untapped market. This can be corroborated from the fact that there lies burgeoning literature on bottom of the pyramid strategies, which refer to business models that focus on turning the four billion poor people in the world into consumers (Prahalad and Hammond, 2002 London and Hart, 2004 Rangan et al., 2007). CSR may be working towards enabling companies in developing countries which are trying to access markets in the developed world. An example in this support can be given from, Baskin (2006), he had identified that competitive advantage in international markets as one of the key drivers for CSR in Central and Eastern Europe and Asia, also Arayas (2006) survey of CSR reporting among the top two hundred and fifty companies in South America found that businesses with an international sales orientation were almost five times more likely to report than companies that sell products regionally or locally. This is has become increasingly relevant as more and more companies from develo ping countries are moving towards globalization and in their effort they need to comply with international stock market listing requirements, including various forms CSR code compliance (Visser, 2005a). The above argument was also stated by Chapple and Moons (2005) study of 7 countries in Asia, which found a strong relationship between international exposure, either in terms of international sales or foreign ownership, and CSR reporting. CSR is also sometimes used as a partnership approach to creating or developing new markets. Another example in support towards this, is the case of , AED and Mark collaboration with Exxon Mobil that has created a viable market for insecticide-treated mosquito nets in Africa, while improving pregnant womens access to these nets, through the delivery of targeted subsidies (Diara et al., 2004). Similalry, ABB used a partnership approach to CSR to deliver a rural electrification project in Tanzania (Egels, 2005).2.5.7International StandardizationThere i s a widespread belief that the Western countries has imposed CSR approaches on the global South, but on the contrary there is ample evidence present to suggest that CSR codes and standards are a key driver for CSR in developing countries. For example Baskins (2006) survey of CSR practices in emerging markets has indicated towards growing acceptance rate of ISO 14001 and the Global Reporting Initiatives Sustainability Reporting Guidelines. These codes are now used as a CSR response in sectors that are prevalent in developing countries, such as horticulture (Dolan and Opondo, 2005), cocoa (Schrage and Ewing, 2005), and textiles (Kaufman et al., 2004), as well as some social issues in developing countries, like child labor (Kolk and Van Tulder, 2002) or women in the workplace (Prieto-Carron, 2004). In general it is seen that CSR is driven by standardization imposed by MNCs in striving to achieve global consistency among its subsidiaries and operations in developing countries. For examp le, Chapple and Moon (2005) found that multinational companies are more likely to adopt CSR than those operating solely in their home country, but that the profile of their CSR tend to reflect the profile of the country of operation rather than the country of origin.2.5.8 Investment IncentivesMultinational companies investments in developing countries are generally linked to the social conditions prevalent in those countries (Gabriel, 1972). Now a day these investments are being screened for CSR performance. In response to this socially responsible investment (SRI) is becoming a major factor CSR in developing countries. Baskin (2006) had noted that approximately 8% of emerging market companies on the Dow Jones World Index is included in the Dow Jones Sustainability Index, compared with around 13% of high-income companies. In other developing countries, like South Africa, the SRI trend is well researched (AICC, 2002). The SRI movement in the 1980s had led to the anti-apartheid disinv estment phenomenon, also since 1992, South Africa has introduced twenty SRI funds which track companies social, ethical, and environmental performance (Visser, 2005a). According to research by the African Institute of Corporate Citizenship (AICC) (2002), the size of the South African SRI market in 2001 was already 1.55% of the total investment market. In an another major development, in May 2004, the Johannesburg Securities Exchange had launched its own tradable SRI Index, the first of its kind in an emerging market (Sonnenberg et al., 2004). A similar index was also introduced in Brazil. Closely linked to the literature on SRI in developing countries is the debate about the business case for CSR. Very few instrumental studies have been done, a survey done in Thailand by Connelly and Limpaphayom (2004) had showed that environmental reporting had not negatively impacted on short-term profitability and has in fact generated a positive relationship with firm valuation. More generally, a report by Sustainability (2002) uses case studies to illustrate various business benefits associated with addressing sustainability in developing countries. Furthermore, Goyal (2006) contends that CSR may serve as a signaling device for developing countries seeking to assess foreign direct investment proposals by unknown foreign firms.2.5.9 StakeholdersIn general the governmental has not got strong control or prohibitive laws over the social, ethical, and environmental performance of companies in developing countries, hence in its absence activism by stake- holder groups has become major source of CSR. Lund-Thomsen (2004) had described describes this as an outcome of micro-level struggles between companies and communities over the distribution of social and environmental hazards which are created when global political and economic forces interact with local contexts around the world. In research it was found that there are mainly four kinds of groups namely development agencies (J enkins, 2005), trade unions (Kaufman et al., 2004), international NGOs (Christian Aid, 2005), and business associations (WBCSD, 2000) has emerged as the most impotant activists for CSR. These four groups had also provided a support for local NGOs. Another goup has also emerged in recent times namely media, it has also emerged as a key supporter for promoting CSR in developing countries (Vivarta and Canela, 2006). Activism by these groups in developing countries has taken various forms, which was classified by Newell (2001) as civil regulation, litigation against companies, and international legal instruments. Of these, civil regulation is perhaps the most common and effective. Bendell (2000) describes this as the theory that businesses are being regulated by civil society, through the dual effect of negative impacts from conflict and benefits from collaboration which provides new means for people to hold companies accountable, thereby democratising the economy directly. There are nu merous examples of civil regulation in action in the developing world of which South Africa is a rather striking case in point (Visser, 2005a). This has manifested itself mainly through community groups challenging companies over whether they are upholding the constitutional rights of citizens. Various land mark cases between 1994 and 2004 suggest that, although civil society still tends to lack capacity and resources in South Africa, this has been an effective strategy. Stakeholder activism has also taken a constructive approach towards encouraging CSR, through groups like the National Business Initiative and partnerships between business and NGOs. Stakeholder activism can also be a source of criticism of CSR, arguing that it is an inadequate response to the social and environmental challenges of developing countries. The Christian Aid (2005) report Behind the Mask The Real Face of Corporate Social Responsibility epitomizes this critical approach, and may be a driver for an enlarge d conception and practice of CSR in developing countries.2.5.10 Supply Chain ManagementAnother